Slavery Racism in America Through Time Free Essays

Subjugation RACISM IN AMERICA THROUGH TIME Slavery Racism In America Through Time AMENDMENT I †to the Bill of Rights, the option to have the option to settle on your own decisions about your life†¦ In such huge numbers of words that is valid. The principal revision talks about ability to speak freely, opportunity of religion and opportunity of appeal, however who did this relate to? Not every person was favored to these rights, which is miserable when in today’s society; we have such a great amount to be appreciative for. Our privileges are being protected, battled for by a great many people in the Armed Forces day and night, and have been for a considerable length of time, yet since 1865, the battle for uniformity didn't exist. We will compose a custom exposition test on Subjugation Racism in America Through Time or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now So today there is a soul that America has, called Patriotism, which implies something else now than it did before 1865. Today we have comfort and motivation to live here; a reason. Coming into this world as a dark, white, earthy colored, green, or orange individual, we as a whole have a decision with respect to who we need to become, and how we need to give orders, in the event that we need to be attorneys, cops, judges, servers, or run for the leader of the United States. Did it ever happen to you, that before you and I and our grandparents were conceived, no of this was an alternative? Individuals had youngsters for one explanation; whites had kids to raise and become the proprietors of their ranches relying upon the sex of the kid. On the off chance that you were an African American slave, you were brought into the world an African American slave. No decisions! We as a whole have options now. The chaos it took to get America to where we are today is an astonishing experience that will be and experience to expound on. Prior to the remaking in 1865, African Americans were treated in manners relying upon their lords. The power the experts had over their slaves, made it simple for them to exploit the circumstance by thumping them and being torn by hounds, which is the thing that one slave said that lived to reveal to her story during a meeting by Ila B. Prine in a Federal Writing Project in 1937. Noble cause Andersen lived in Mobile Alabama, and was supposed to be 101 years of age. A large portion of the previous slaves during this venture were near exceptionally old if not more seasoned. They talk about broken English, yet not of a language of a nation, yet of lack of education. The slaves were not given instruction rights, for hemselves or youngsters. They were just given on this planet something to do for the white man. There were likewise the slaves who had a superior lifestyle on the grounds that their lords felt that abusing their slaves would not make for a wise speculation for their future if necessary to sell them later. The slaves would should be sound and dedicated, polite, and trusted. To beat, and â€Å"feed them to the dogs†, as Charity very much expressed, would not advance more work out of the slaves either. In these meetings the slaves talked about opportunity after the liberation as though they had never left. They were liberated, however, right? They had decisions to proceed onward and make a greater amount of their lives, yet most were negligent of what was out there. They lived alone, never figured out how to peruse or compose, however talked about opportunity as it being the best thing that at any point occurred. OK concur? Annulling servitude didn't mean the white man acknowledged the dark man into their reality. This brought scorn, grotesqueness into society more than could be envisioned. The counter dark mobs started the late spring of the Elections of 1866. Many were slaughtered and harmed. All things considered, African Americans didn't quit any pretense of battling for equivalent rights from the earliest starting point of the recreation. The Fourteenth Amendment was sanctioned which permitted African American’s that were conceived in America to be called U. S. residents, however were constrained to their sacred rights. Despite the fact that they continued getting beat down, they requested the option to cast a ballot, and in 1870, at last, the fifteenth amendment was sanctioned and gave the ideal for dark guys to cast a ballot. (Davidson, 481) The way that the dark man had the option to cast a ballot implied a great deal, however I'm not catching that's meaning to the remainder of the African Americans? To the ladies? Ladies were as yet not thought about equivalent to man. It was not until 50 years after the fact until the nineteenth amendment conceded ladies the option to cast a ballot. There were a great deal of stops and tightens free the consitution, and with each state being able to change inside it’s own, made it hard to play the fairness game. Regardless of where you went Democratic gatherings were attempting to wean out the rights for the African Americans. â€Å"Separate however Equal† was the new Democratic running trademark. Today this amounts to nothing. At that point it implied seperating the blacks and the whites as long as theywere rewarded equivalent. The fourteenth amendment was constrained to ensuring residents social equality by states not by individials. Isolation was authorized in 1896, however for instance, Mississippi’s new state constitution expected voters to pay a cost and required all voters to breeze through a proficiency assessment. This dispensed with an incredible lion's share of dark voters. How is this not setting them up for disappointment? Ensnarement at its best! At that point by1908, battles that put a to restrict casting a ballot has one in each southern state. The â€Å"color blind† constitution was a piece of African American advancement for the following 100 years, which will bring us past to our future astonishing life as we are currently! Not just giving African American men the option to cast a ballot, yet ladies, had a major effect on the political society. This legitimized women’s cooperation in all area’s of society. For instance, African Americans were all the while getting refused any assistance in specific expresses that was saved underground for a while. Columnist Peter Buxton, a Public Health Investigator uncovered that 399 African American men were contaminated with syphilis close to Tuskegee, Alabama in 1932. They were being denied clinical treatment with the goal that impacts of the ailment could be examined. This along these lines finished in 1972. In 1997 President Clinton apologized to a portion of the American individuals by expressing the a portion of the investigations were not undercover, and not just on African Americans. Fundamentally sharing the riches among the whites, consume casualties and so on. The families that were there were as yet unconscious of what experiement they were getting into. (P*, 1994-1995) There was such a great amount for the dark man and lady to abandon. Since subjection the whit man has been attempting to force the dark man to leave the nation, out of the business world, out of the lodging market, the yield showcase, the economy, away from casting a ballot; has that halted the person in question? What is straightaway? The Klu Klux Klan must be the most dug alligience that lynched African Americans and they developed everywhere throughout the United States after World War I. The KKK Lynched more than 70 African Americans, leaving 11 consumed alive. The mid 50’s were times likewise when men were lynched for â€Å"imagined† violations. Only for conceivable taking a gander at somebody. There is an anecdote about a dark man in North Carolina furrowing a field. He was blamed for taking a gander at a white lady strolling close by the field, when he was most likely simply taking a gander at the cows butt. He was discovered blame for â€Å"leering† at her. He was given a long jail sentence. The dark people despite everything represented what they had confidence in. In 1955, Rosa Parks, well, she plunked down for what she put stock in. She was worn out in the wake of a monotonous day at work, and would not surrender her seat on a transport in Alabama, which defied a law that necessary blacks to surrender their seats to white individuals when transports were full. She was captured, which caused a 381-day blacklist, that brought about the Supreme Court prohibiting isolation on open transportation. Rosa Parks was a needle worker who helped sparkle the social liberties development of the 1960’s. (America’s Story) Regardless, African Amercians were pushing to be separated of American culture, and EQUAL piece of Amerian culture. Since we are on the whole Americans. By the mid 1960’s, African Americans were moving to urban focuses in the Northest, the Midwest and the Far West of the United States. At that point by the 1970’s, the pattern was known as the â€Å"Sun Belt† marvel. (Davidson, 831) The urban areas were declining, the whites were moving out and the blacks, and hispanics were moving in. There was such a great amount in Americas society that the African American brought to the table after we had moved in. In 1967, Thurgood Marshall was the primary African American Supreme Court Justice. He spent numerous years on the National Association for Colored People, and contended that isolated schools for kids was against consittutional rights. The Supreme Court concurred. We despite everything had our terrible occasions, 1968, Springfield riots, Martin Luther King death, the equitable show in Chicago, ect. , yet will it ever end? We have such a great amount of still to battle for thus does the dark man. We at last have our first African American President of the United States of America. Does it end here? No! It won't! Since Barak Obama won't. This paper remains behind each dark man amd lady and a big motivator for they. They ought to never surrender for what they trust in. Have confidence in our nation and where you stand. To come the extent that servitude, to be conceived and realize you will be 4 years of age and stripping potatoes shoeless and picking corn in the fields without dinners for quite a long time, dozing on hardwood floors and calling that ordinary, at that point calling opportunity, sitting in your lounge reluctant to stroll outside and go across the road since you can not peruse the road signs. Their opportunity was never given in each sense it could have been similar to we have it. References Lester, J.. (2009, September). Upsetting White People. The Horn Book magazine, 85(5), 507-508. Recovered September 29, 2009, from Research Library. (Report ID: 1845601651). †African American writing. † ClassicLayout. World Book, 2009. Web . 29 September. 2009. Americaâ�

More Than One Billion Indians a Gigantic Problem or a Sea of Opportunities Free Essays

In the event that the 2011 enumeration is to be accepted the present populace of India is around 1. 21 billion give or take two or three millions and we as a whole know to which side the scale is going to tip. The Indian populace is shifted on the lines of religion, area yet additionally based on point of view. We will compose a custom paper test on More Than One Billion Indians: a Gigantic Problem or a Sea of Opportunities or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now While on one hand we are confronting the issue of land procurement from the least fortunate of poor ranchers, then again extravagance vehicle creator brand Mercedes has indicated a business development of 67 percent. The enormous populace of India offers a huge support division which assumes a significant job in building up the economy of a country. Additionally, 30% of the populace is between the ages of 10-24 years which unmistakably shows the measure of undiscovered vitality that India has. Whenever utilized and controls accurately this can be utilized to help our mechanical and basic divisions. The cerebrum channel that India has endured since most recent two decades obviously shows that Indians have enormous potential and they are simply searching for the correct specialty to create themselves. Indians have raised themselves from varying backgrounds and made an imprint in fields from space science to yoga. Then again, the assets that the nation has are constrained and along these lines a thriving populace limits the per capita accessibility. We have seen an expansion in the crime percentage because of the inaccessibility of even the most essential comforts. The legislature has plainly hit the imprint by making business open doors for the country masses through projects, for example, NREGA, NRLM, and so on. Be that as it may, in any event, making such work openings costs the administration a great deal of cash and assets. The glass can be half unfilled or half full. We may state we have in excess of a billion mouths to take care of however we overlook that we likewise have in excess of 2 billion hands to make such a humongous undertaking conceivable. Step by step instructions to refer to More Than One Billion Indians: a Gigantic Problem or a Sea of Opportunities, Papers

50 Must-Read Contemporary Essay Collections (Its a Truth Buffet!)

50 Must-Read Contemporary Essay Collections (Its a Truth Buffet!) I feel like essay collections dont get enough credit. Theyre so wonderful! Theyre like short story collections, but TRUE. Its like going to a truth buffet. You can get information about sooooo many topics, sometimes in one single book! To prove that there are a zillion amazing essay collections out there, I compiled 50 great contemporary essay collections, just from the last 18 months alone.   Ranging in topics from food, nature, politics, sex, celebrity, and more, there is something here for everyone! Ive included a brief description from the publisher with each title. Tell us in the comments about which of these you’ve read or other contemporary essay collections that you love. There are a LOT of them. Yay, books! Must-Read Contemporary Essay Collections They Cant Kill Us Until They Kill Us  by  Hanif Abdurraqib In an age of confusion, fear, and loss, Hanif Willis-Abdurraqibs is a voice that matters. Whether hes attending a Bruce Springsteen concert the day after visiting Michael Browns grave, or discussing public displays of affection at a Carly Rae Jepsen show, he writes with a poignancy and magnetism that resonates profoundly. Would Everybody Please Stop?: Reflections on Life and Other Bad Ideas  by  Jenny Allen Jenny Allen’s musings range fluidly from the personal to the philosophical. She writes with the familiarity of someone telling a dinner party anecdote, forgoing decorum for candor and comedy. To read  Would Everybody Please Stop?  is to experience life with imaginative and incisive humor. Longthroat Memoirs: Soups, Sex and Nigerian Taste Buds  by  Yemisi Aribisala A sumptuous menu of essays about Nigerian cuisine, lovingly presented by the nations top epicurean writer. As well as a mouth-watering appraisal of Nigerian food,  Longthroat Memoirs  is a series of love letters to the Nigerian palate. From the cultural history of soup, to fish as aphrodisiac and the sensual allure of snails,  Longthroat Memoirs  explores the complexities, the meticulousness, and the tactile joy of Nigerian gastronomy. Beyond Measure: Essays  by  Rachel Z. Arndt Beyond Measure  is a fascinating exploration of the rituals, routines, metrics and expectations through which we attempt to quantify and ascribe value to our lives. With mordant humor and penetrating intellect, Arndt casts her gaze beyond event-driven narratives to the machinery underlying them: judo competitions measured in weigh-ins and wait times; the significance of the elliptical’s stationary churn; the rote scripts of dating apps; the stupefying sameness of the daily commute. Magic Hours  by  Tom Bissell Award-winning essayist Tom Bissell explores the highs and lows of the creative process. He takes us from the set of  The Big Bang Theory  to the first novel of Ernest Hemingway to the final work of David Foster Wallace; from the films of Werner Herzog to the film of Tommy Wiseau to the editorial meeting in which Paula Foxs work was relaunched into the world. Originally published in magazines such as  The Believer,  The New Yorker, and  Harpers, these essays represent ten years of Bissells best writing on every aspect of creationâ€"be it Iraq War documentaries or video-game character voicesâ€"and will provoke as much thought as they do laughter. Dead Girls: Essays on Surviving an American Obsession  by  Alice Bolin In this poignant collection, Alice Bolin examines iconic American works from the essays of Joan Didion and James Baldwin to  Twin Peaks, Britney Spears, and  Serial, illuminating the widespread obsession with women who are abused, killed, and disenfranchised, and whose bodies (dead and alive) are used as props to bolster men’s stories. Smart and accessible, thoughtful and heartfelt, Bolin investigates the implications of our cultural fixations, and her own role as a consumer and creator. Betwixt-and-Between: Essays on the Writing Life  by  Jenny Boully Jenny Boully’s essays are ripe with romance and sensual pleasures, drawing connections between the digression, reflection, imagination, and experience that characterizes falling in love as well as the life of a writer. Literary theory, philosophy, and linguistics rub up against memory, dreamscapes, and fancy, making the practice of writing a metaphor for the illusory nature of experience.  Betwixt and Between  is, in many ways, simply a book about how to live. Wedding Toasts Ill Never Give by  Ada Calhoun In  Wedding Toasts I’ll Never Give, Ada Calhoun presents an unflinching but also loving portrait of her own marriage, opening a long-overdue conversation about the institution as it truly is: not the happy ending of a love story or a relic doomed by high divorce rates, but the beginning of a challenging new chapter of which the first twenty years are the hardest.' How to Write an Autobiographical Novel: Essays  by  Alexander Chee How to Write an Autobiographical Novel  is the author’s manifesto on the entangling of life, literature, and politics, and how the lessons learned from a life spent reading and writing fiction have changed him. In these essays, he grows from student to teacher, reader to writer, and reckons with his identities as a son, a gay man, a Korean American, an artist, an activist, a lover, and a friend. He examines some of the most formative experiences of his life and the nation’s history, including his father’s death, the AIDS crisis, 9/11, the jobs that supported his writingâ€"Tarot-reading, bookselling, cater-waiting for William F. Buckleyâ€"the writing of his first novel,  Edinburgh,  and the election of Donald Trump. Too Much and Not the Mood: Essays  by  Durga Chew-Bose Too Much and Not the Mood is a beautiful and surprising exploration of what it means to be a first-generation, creative young woman working today. On April 11, 1931, Virginia Woolf ended her entry in A Writer’s Diary with the words too much and not the mood to describe her frustration with placating her readers, what she described as the cramming in and the cutting out. She wondered if she had anything at all that was truly worth saying. The attitude of that sentiment inspired Durga Chew-Bose to gather own writing in this lyrical collection of poetic essays that examine personhood and artistic growth. Drawing inspiration from a diverse group of incisive and inquiring female authors, Chew-Bose captures the inner restlessness that keeps her always on the brink of creative expression. We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy  by  Ta-Nehisi Coates We were eight years in power was the lament of Reconstruction-era black politicians as the American experiment in multiracial democracy ended with the return of white supremacist rule in the South. In this sweeping collection of new and selected essays, Ta-Nehisi Coates explores the tragic echoes of that history in our own time: the unprecedented election of a black president followed by a vicious backlash that fueled the election of the man Coates argues is America’s first white president.' Look Alive Out There: Essays by  Sloane Crosley In  Look Alive Out There,  whether its scaling active volcanoes, crashing shivas, playing herself on  Gossip Girl,  befriending swingers, or squinting down the barrel of the fertility gun, Crosley continues to rise to the occasion with unmatchable nerve and electric one-liners. And as her subjects become more serious, her essays deliver not just laughs but lasting emotional heft and insight. Crosley has taken up the gauntlets thrown by her predecessorsâ€"Dorothy Parker, Nora Ephron, David Sedarisâ€"and crafted something rare, affecting, and true. Flâneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice, and London  by  Lauren Elkin Part cultural meander, part memoir,  Flâneuse  takes us on a distinctly cosmopolitan jaunt that begins in New York, where Elkin grew up, and transports us to Paris via Venice, Tokyo, and London, all cities in which she’s lived. We are shown the paths beaten by such  flâneuses  as the cross-dressing nineteenth-century novelist George Sand, the Parisian artist Sophie Calle, the wartime correspondent Martha Gellhorn, and the writer Jean Rhys. With tenacity and insight, Elkin creates a mosaic of what urban settings have meant to women, charting through literature, art, history, and film the sometimes exhilarating, sometimes fraught relationship that women have with the metropolis. Idiophone  by  Amy Fusselman Leaping from ballet to quiltmaking, from the The Nutcracker to an Annie-B Parson interview,  Idiophone  is a strikingly original meditation on risk-taking and provocation in art and a unabashedly honest, funny, and intimate consideration of art-making in the context of motherhood, and motherhood in the context of addiction. Amy Fusselman’s compact, beautifully digressive essay feels both surprising and effortless, fueled by broad-ranging curiosity, and, fundamentally, joy. Not That Bad: Dispatches from Rape Culture  by  Roxane Gay In this valuable and revealing anthology, cultural critic and bestselling author Roxane Gay collects original and previously published pieces that address what it means to live in a world where women have to measure the harassment, violence, and aggression they face, and where they are routinely second-guessed, blown off, discredited, denigrated, besmirched, belittled, patronized, mocked, shamed, gaslit, insulted, bullied for speaking out. Sunshine State: Essays  by  Sarah Gerard With the personal insight of  The Empathy Exams, the societal exposal of  Nickel and Dimed, and the stylistic innovation and intensity of her own break-out debut novel  Binary Star, Sarah Gerard’s  Sunshine State  uses the intimately personal to unearth the deep reservoirs of humanity buried in the corners of our world often hardest to face. The Art of the Wasted Day  by  Patricia Hampl The Art of the Wasted Day  is a picaresque travelogue of leisure written from a lifelong enchantment with solitude. Patricia Hampl visits the homes of historic exemplars of ease who made repose a goal, even an art form. She begins with two celebrated eighteenth-century Irish ladies who ran off to live a life of retirement in rural Wales. Her search then leads to Moravia to consider the monk-geneticist, Gregor Mendel, and finally to Bordeaux for Michel Montaigneâ€"the hero of this bookâ€"who retreated from court life to sit in his chateau tower and write about whatever passed through his mind, thus inventing the personal essay. A Really Big Lunch: The Roving Gourmand on Food and Life  by  Jim Harrison Jim Harrison’s legendary gourmandise is on full display in  A Really Big Lunch. From the titular  New Yorker  piece about a French lunch that went to thirty-seven courses, to pieces from  Brick,  Playboy, Kermit Lynch Newsletter, and more on the relationship between hunter and prey, or the obscure language of wine reviews,  A Really Big Lunch  is shot through with Harrison’s pointed aperçus and keen delight in the pleasures of the senses. And between the lines the pieces give glimpses of Harrison’s life over the last three decades.  A Really Big Lunch  is a literary delight that will satisfy every appetite. Insomniac City: New York, Oliver, and Me  by  Bill Hayes Bill Hayes came to New York City in 2009 with a one-way ticket and only the vaguest idea of how he would get by. But, at forty-eight years old, having spent decades in San Francisco, he craved change. Grieving over the death of his partner, he quickly discovered the profound consolations of the city’s incessant rhythms, the sight of the Empire State Building against the night sky, and New Yorkers themselves, kindred souls that Hayes, a lifelong insomniac, encountered on late-night strolls with his camera. Would You Rather?: A Memoir of Growing Up and Coming Out  by  Katie Heaney Here, for the first time, Katie opens up about realizing at the age of twenty-eight that she is gay. In these poignant, funny essays, she wrestles with her shifting sexuality and identity, and describes what it was like coming out to everyone she knows (and everyone she doesn’t). As she revisits her past, looking for any clues that might have predicted this outcome, Katie reveals that life doesn’t always move directly from point A to point Bâ€"no matter how much we would like it to. Tonight Im Someone Else: Essays  by  Chelsea Hodson From graffiti gangs and  Grand Theft Auto  to sugar daddies, Schopenhauer, and a deadly game of Russian roulette, in these essays, Chelsea Hodson probes her own desires to examine where the physical and the proprietary collide. She asks what our privacy, our intimacy, and our own bodies are worth in the increasingly digital world of liking, linking, and sharing. We Are Never Meeting in Real Life.: Essays  by  Samantha Irby With  We Are Never Meeting in Real Life., bitches gotta eat blogger and comedian Samantha Irby turns the serio-comic essay into an art form. Whether talking about how her difficult childhood has led to a problem in making adult budgets, explaining why she should be the new Bacheloretteâ€"shes 35-ish, but could easily pass for 60-somethingâ€"detailing a disastrous pilgrimage-slash-romantic-vacation to Nashville to scatter her estranged fathers ashes, sharing awkward sexual encounters, or dispensing advice on how to navigate friendships with former drinking buddies who are now suburban momsâ€"hang in there for the Costco lootâ€"she’s as deft at poking fun at the ghosts of her past self as she is at capturing powerful emotional truths. This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America  by  Morgan Jerkins Doubly disenfranchised by race and gender, often deprived of a place within the mostly white mainstream feminist movement, black women are objectified, silenced, and marginalized with devastating consequences, in ways both obvious and subtle, that are rarely acknowledged in our country’s larger discussion about inequality. In  This Will Be My Undoing, Jerkins becomes both narrator and subject to expose the social, cultural, and historical story of black female oppression that influences the black community as well as the white, male-dominated world at large. Everywhere Home: A Life in Essays  by  Fenton Johnson Part retrospective, part memoir, Fenton Johnsons collection  Everywhere Home: A Life in Essays  explores sexuality, religion, geography, the AIDS crisis, and more. Johnsons wanderings take him from the hills of Kentucky to those of San Francisco, from the streets of Paris to the sidewalks of Calcutta. Along the way, he investigates questions large and small: Whats the relationship between artists and museums, illuminated in a New Guinean display of shrunken heads? Whats the difference between empiricism and intuition? One Day Well All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter: Essays  by  Scaachi Koul In  One Day We’ll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter, Scaachi Koul deploys her razor-sharp humor to share all the fears, outrages, and mortifying moments of her life. She learned from an early age what made her miserable, and for Scaachi anything can be cause for despair. Whether it’s a shopping trip gone awry; enduring awkward conversations with her bikini waxer; overcoming her fear of flying while vacationing halfway around the world; dealing with Internet trolls, or navigating the fears and anxieties of her parents. Alongside these personal stories are pointed observations about life as a woman of color: where every aspect of her appearance is open for critique, derision, or outright scorn; where strict gender rules bind in both Western and Indian cultures, leaving little room for a woman not solely focused on marriage and children to have a career (and a life) for herself. Tell Me How It Ends: An Essay in 40 Questions  by  Valeria Luiselli and jon lee anderson (translator) A damning confrontation between the American dream and the reality of undocumented children seeking a new life in the U.S. Structured around the 40 questions Luiselli translates and asks undocumented Latin American children facing deportation,  Tell Me How It Ends  (an expansion of her 2016 Freemans essay of the same name) humanizes these young migrants and highlights the contradiction between the idea of America as a fiction for immigrants and the reality of racism and fearâ€"both here and back home. All the Lives I Want: Essays About My Best Friends Who Happen to Be Famous Strangers  by  Alana Massey Mixing Didions affected cool with moments of giddy celebrity worship, Massey examines the lives of the women who reflect our greatest aspirations and darkest fears back onto us. These essays are personal without being confessional and clever in a way that invites readers into the joke. A cultural critique and a finely wrought fan letter, interwoven with stories that are achingly personal, All the Lives I Want is also an exploration of mental illness, the sex industry, and the dangers of loving too hard. Typewriters, Bombs, Jellyfish: Essays  by  Tom McCarthy Certain points of reference recur with dreamlike insistenceâ€"among them the artist Ed Ruscha’s  Royal Road Test, a photographic documentation of the roadside debris of a Royal typewriter hurled from the window of a traveling car; the great blooms of jellyfish that are filling the oceans and gumming up the machinery of commerce and military dominationâ€"and the question throughout is: How can art explode the restraining conventions of so-called realism, whether aesthetic or political, to engage in the active reinvention of the world? Nasty Women: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trumps America  by  Samhita Mukhopadhyay  and  Kate Harding When 53 percent of white women voted for Donald Trump and 94 percent of black women voted for Hillary Clinton, how can women unite in Trump’s America? Nasty Women includes inspiring essays from a diverse group of talented women writers who seek to provide a broad look at how we got here and what we need to do to move forward. Dont Call Me Princess: Essays on Girls, Women, Sex, and Life  by  Peggy Orenstein Named one of the 40 women who changed the media business in the last 40 years by  Columbia Journalism Review, Peggy Orenstein is one of the most prominent, unflinching feminist voices of our time. Her writing has broken ground and broken silences on topics as wide-ranging as miscarriage, motherhood, breast cancer, princess culture and the importance of girls’ sexual pleasure. Her unique blend of investigative reporting, personal revelation and unexpected humor has made her books bestselling classics. When You Find Out the World Is Against You: And Other Funny Memories About Awful Moments  by  Kelly Oxford Kelly Oxford likes to blow up the internet. Whether it is with the kind of Tweets that lead  Rolling Stone  to name her one of the Funniest People on Twitter or with pictures of her hilariously adorable family (human and animal) or with something much more serious, like creating the hashtag #NotOkay, where millions of women came together to share their stories of sexual assault, Kelly has a unique, razor-sharp perspective on modern life. As a screen writer, professional sh*t disturber, wife and mother of three, Kelly is about everything but the status quo. Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman  by  Anne Helen Petersen You know the type: the woman who won’t shut up, who’s too brazen, too opinionatedâ€"too much. She’s the unruly woman, and she embodies one of the most provocative and powerful forms of womanhood today. In  Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud, Anne Helen Petersen uses the lens of unruliness to explore the ascension of pop culture powerhouses like Lena Dunham, Nicki Minaj, and Kim Kardashian, exploring why the public loves to love (and hate) these controversial figures. With its brisk, incisive analysis,  Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud  will be a conversation-starting book on what makes and breaks celebrity today. Well, That Escalated Quickly: Memoirs and Mistakes of an Accidental Activist  by  Franchesca Ramsey In her first book, Ramsey uses her own experiences as an accidental activist to explore the many ways we communicate with each otherâ€"from the highs of bridging gaps and making connections to the many pitfalls that accompany talking about race, power, sexuality, and gender in an unpredictable public space…the internet. Shrewed: A Wry and Closely Observed Look at the Lives of Women and Girls  by  Elizabeth Renzetti Drawing upon Renzetti’s decades of reporting on feminist issues,  Shrewed  is a book about feminism’s crossroads. From Hillary Clinton’s failed campaign to the quest for equal pay, from the lessons we can learn from old ladies to the future of feminism in a turbulent world, Renzetti takes a pointed, witty look at how far we’ve comeâ€"and how far we have to go. What Are We Doing Here?: Essays  by  Marilynne Robinson In this new essay collection she trains her incisive mind on our modern political climate and the mysteries of faith. Whether she is investigating how the work of great thinkers about America like Emerson and Tocqueville inform our political consciousness or discussing the way that beauty informs and disciplines daily life, Robinson’s peerless prose and boundless humanity are on full display. Double Bind: Women on Ambition  by  Robin Romm A work of courage and ferocious honesty (Diana Abu-Jaber),  Double Bind  could not come at a more urgent time. Even as major figures from Gloria Steinem to Beyoncé embrace the word feminism, the word ambition remains loaded with ambivalence. Many women see it as synonymous with strident or aggressive, yet most feel compelled to strive and achieveâ€"the seeming contradiction leaving them in a perpetual double bind. Ayana Mathis, Molly Ringwald, Roxane Gay, and a constellation of nimble thinkers . . . dismantle this maddening paradox (O, The Oprah Magazine) with candor, wit, and rage. Women who have made landmark achievements in fields as diverse as law, dog sledding, and butchery weigh in, breaking the last feminist taboo once and for all. The Destiny Thief: Essays on Writing, Writers and Life  by  Richard Russo In these nine essays, Richard Russo provides insight into his life as a writer, teacher, friend, and reader. From a commencement speech he gave at Colby College, to the story of how an oddly placed toilet made him reevaluate the purpose of humor in art and life, to a comprehensive analysis of Mark Twains value, to his harrowing journey accompanying a dear friend as she pursued gender-reassignment surgery,  The Destiny Thief  reflects the broad interests and experiences of one of Americas most beloved authors. Warm, funny, wise, and poignant, the essays included here traverse Russos writing life, expanding our understanding of who he is and how his singular, incredibly generous mind works. An utter joy to read, they give deep insight into the creative process from the prospective of one of our greatest writers. Curry: Eating, Reading, and Race by  Naben Ruthnum Curry is a dish that doesnt quite exist, but, as this wildly funny and sharp essay points out, a dish that doesnt properly exist can have infinite, equally authentic variations. By grappling with novels, recipes, travelogues, pop culture, and his own upbringing, Naben Ruthnum depicts how the distinctive taste of curry has often become maladroit shorthand for brown identity. With the sardonic wit of Gita Mehtas  Karma Cola  and the refined, obsessive palette of Bill Bufords  Heat, Ruthnum sinks his teeth into the story of how the beloved flavor calcified into an aesthetic genre that limits the imaginations of writers, readers, and eaters. The River of Consciousness  by  Oliver Sacks Sacks, an Oxford-educated polymath, had a deep familiarity not only with literature and medicine but with botany, animal anatomy, chemistry, the history of science, philosophy, and psychology.  The River of Consciousness  is one of two books Sacks was working on up to his death, and it reveals his ability to make unexpected connections, his sheer joy in knowledge, and his unceasing, timeless project to understand what makes us human. All the Women in My Family Sing: Women Write the World: Essays on Equality, Justice, and Freedom (Nothing But the Truth So Help Me God)  by  Deborah Santana and  America Ferrera All the Women in My Family Sing  is an anthology documenting the experiences of women of color at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It is a vital collection of prose and poetry whose topics range from the pressures of being the vice-president of a Fortune 500 Company, to escaping the killing fields of Cambodia, to the struggles inside immigration, identity, romance, and self-worth. These brief, trenchant essays capture the aspirations and wisdom of women of color as they exercise autonomy, creativity, and dignity and build bridges to heal the brokenness in today’s turbulent world. We Wear the Mask: 15 True Stories of Passing in America  by  Brando Skyhorse  and  Lisa Page For some, passing means opportunity, access, or safety. Others don’t willingly pass but are passed in specific situations by someone else.  We Wear the Mask, edited by  Brando Skyhorse  and  Lisa Page, is an illuminating and timely anthology that examines the complex reality of passing in America. Skyhorse, a Mexican American, writes about how his mother passed him as an American Indian before he learned who he really is. Page shares how her white mother didn’t tell friends about her black ex-husband or that her children were, in fact, biracial. Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith Since she burst spectacularly into view with her debut novel almost two decades ago, Zadie Smith has established herself not just as one of the worlds preeminent fiction writers, but also a brilliant and singular essayist. She contributes regularly to  The New Yorker  and the  New York Review of Books  on a range of subjects, and each piece of hers is a literary event in its own right. The Mother of All Questions: Further Reports from the Feminist Revolutions  by  Rebecca Solnit In a timely follow-up to her national bestseller  Men Explain Things to Me, Rebecca Solnit offers indispensable commentary on women who refuse to be silenced, misogynistic violence, the fragile masculinity of the literary canon, the gender binary, the recent history of rape jokes, and much more. In characteristic style, Solnit mixes humor, keen analysis, and powerful insight in these essays. The Wrong Way to Save Your Life: Essays  by  Megan Stielstra Whether shes imagining the implications of open-carry laws on college campuses,  recounting the story of going underwater on the mortgage of  her  first home,  or revealing the unexpected pains and joys  of marriage and motherhood, Stielstras work informs, impels, enlightens, and embraces us all.  The result is something beautifulâ€"this story, her courage, and, potentially, our own. Against Memoir: Complaints, Confessions Criticisms  by  Michelle Tea Delivered with her signature honesty and dark humor, this is Tea’s first-ever collection of journalistic writing. As she blurs the line between telling other people’s stories and her own, she turns an investigative eye to the genre that’s nurtured her entire careerâ€"memoirâ€"and considers the price that art demands be paid from life. A Twenty Minute Silence Followed by Applause  by  Shawn Wen In precise, jewel-like scenes and vignettes,  A Twenty Minute Silence Followed by Applause  pays homage to the singular genius of a mostly-forgotten art form. Drawing on interviews, archival research, and meticulously observed performances, Wen translates the gestural language of mime into a lyric written portrait by turns whimsical, melancholic, and haunting. Acid West: Essays  by  Joshua Wheeler The radical evolution of American identity, from cowboys to drone warriors to space explorers, is a story rooted in southern New Mexico.  Acid West  illuminates this history, clawing at the bounds of genre to reveal a place that is, for better or worse, home. By turns intimate, absurd, and frightening,  Acid West  is an enlightening deep-dive into a prophetic desert at the bottom of America. Sexographies  by  Gabriela Wiener and  Lucy Greaves And jennifer adcock (Translators) In fierce and sumptuous first-person accounts, renowned Peruvian journalist Gabriela Wiener records infiltrating the most dangerous Peruvian prison, participating in sexual exchanges in swingers clubs, traveling the dark paths of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris in the company of transvestites and prostitutes, undergoing a complicated process of egg donation, and participating in a ritual of ayahuasca ingestion in the Amazon jungleâ€"all while taking us on inward journeys that explore immigration, maternity, fear of death, ugliness, and threesomes. Fortunately, our eagle-eyed voyeur emerges from her narrative forays unscathed and ready to take on the kinks, obsessions, and messiness of our lives.  Sexographies  is an eye-opening, kamikaze journey across the contours of the human body and mind. The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative  by  Florence Williams From forest trails in Korea, to islands in Finland, to eucalyptus groves in California, Florence Williams investigates the science behind nature’s positive effects on the brain. Delving into brand-new research, she uncovers the powers of the natural world to improve health, promote reflection and innovation, and strengthen our relationships. As our modern lives shift dramatically indoors, these ideasâ€"and the answers they yieldâ€"are more urgent than ever. Can You Tolerate This?: Essays  by  Ashleigh Young Can You Tolerate This?  presents a vivid self-portrait of an introspective yet widely curious young woman, the colorful, isolated community in which she comes of age, and the uneasy tensionsâ€"between safety and risk, love and solitude, the catharsis of grief and the ecstasy of creationâ€"that define our lives. What are your favorite contemporary essay collections?

The Day Of The Holiday Shopping Season Essay - 884 Words

Thanksgiving day marks the beginning of the holiday shopping season. Americans are more inclined to take out their credit cards – ‘tis the season to be jolly and shop. One would think that consumers holiday shopping greatly affects gross domestic product (GDP). After all, personal consumption expenditure is roughly 70% of U.S. GDP. GDP growth in the last quarters however, have not consistently exceeded the other three quarters of the year looking at data after the 2007-2009 Great Recession. Nevertheless, retail sales - a leading indicator – provide clues on the economy’s overall consumption activity. An uptick in retails sales is expected in December each year. Based on historical data, monthly retail sales – that is retail trade and food services excluding autos, show a definitive pattern: December retail sales are higher than other months of the year. Data going back the last 23 years show double-digit retail sales growth in each December. In December last year, monthly retail sales increased 17.9% from November – a $64.7 billion increase. In 2014 the increase in retail sales from November to December was $55.8 billion. American’s shopping spree affects credit union operations. Unlike auto and mortgage lending which is roughly 80% of credit union loan portfolio combined, last year credit card loans was 6.2% of loan portfolio. In the last five years, credit card loans stayed above 6.0% (but under 7.0%) of credit unions loan portfolio – with a high of 6.6% in 2012. ItShow MoreRelatedEssay on Consumerism526 Words   |  3 Pages If you want to know if all of our holidays have been turned into consumer driven shopping orgies, the answer lies in the major department stores. Take a walk through Macys or Lord or Taylor or any major store in Oct. and notice the Christmas decorations. Thats right, Christmas decorations. `Tis the season to break the bank. Our capitalistic society is always looking for a reason for driving consumerism and what better reason than a holiday! If theres a month without one, well make one upRead MoreBlack Friday Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesThanksgiving Day in the United States, traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. Black Friday is not an official holiday, but many workers have the day off as part of the Thanksgiving holiday, this increases the number of potential shoppers. Retailers often decorate for the Christmas and holiday season weeks beforehand. Many retailers open extremely early, with most of the retailers typically opening at 5 A.M. or even earlier. Retailers use Black Friday to kick off the holiday seasonRead MoreThe Gift Of Analytics : Ramp Up For The Holidays By Focusing On Customer Analytics Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe gift of analytics. Ramp up for the holidays by focusing on customer analytics. With the help of data, your team can target buyers, plan seasonal promotions, and manage your inventory levels. Research shows that â€Å"49% of companies who champion the use of customer analytics are likely to have profit well above their competitors.† It’s one of the best ways to differentiate your business in the market. â€Å"Customer analytics enables organizations and enterprises to make data-driven business decisionsRead MoreU.s. Intelligence Community ( Ic )1266 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the U.S., to be perpetrated within the next 30 days in the month of December. This plan involves the use of twenty (20) suicide bombers, also equipped with automatic weapons, targeting the ten (10) largest shopping malls in the country during the holiday shopping season. The terrorists are believed to already have the weapons and explosives necessary and are also believed to have been living in the U.S. for at least one year. Around the holidays the opportunities for attacks from terrorist is prominentRead More Holiday Shopping Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesHoliday Shopping As I skim through the Chadwick’s mail-order catalog, I come across a woman, who looks as if she is in her mid-thirties, standing outside on the snow-covered ground. Her gloved hand is arched back in a ready-to-throw position with a snowball resting in her palm. The woman is wearing a  ¾ length gray wool coat and black leather gloves, which catches my eye. The serene, white-topped leaves of the pine trees lean in different directions, waiting for spring to arrive. â€Å"Winter isRead MoreExamples Of Consumer Spending Throughout The Seasons1236 Words   |  5 PagesConsumer Spending Throughout the Seasons. We are heading towards the season of spending, black Friday is just around the corner, with that exactly 31 days after we have Christmas. Consumer spending should be at an all-time high right, with month long sales and new deals everyday as coined with the popular shopping destinations. Now we all agree that there are four seasons throughout the year, we have the spring equinox, summer solstice, fall equinox, winter solstice. In most firms, they also haveRead MoreBlack Friday History718 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Black  Friday  is  the  day  after  Thanksgiving  in  the  United  States,  where  it  is  the  beginning  of   the  traditional  Christmas  shopping  season.  Since  Thanksgiving  falls  on  the  fourth  Thursday  in   November  in  the  United  States,  Black  Friday  may  be  as  early  as  the  23rd  and  as  late  as  the   29th  of  November.  More  recently,  there  is  new  understanding  that  the  term  originates  from  the   theory  that  retailers  traditionally  operated  at  a  financial  loss  for  most  of  the  year  (January   through  November)  and  made  their  profit  during  the  holiday  seasonRead MoreEarly Openning on Thanksgiving1451 Words   |  6 PagesThanksgiving Day, which is always the fourth Thursday in November in the United States, is a week from today (today is Nov. 15, 2012; Thanksgiving Day is Nov. 22 this year). The day after Thanksgiving Day is called â€Å"Black Friday† in the business world. â€Å"Black Friday† is the unofficial beginning of the Christmas and Hanukkah shopping season. The word â€Å"black† in â€Å"Black Friday† is an accounting term meaning â€Å"profit.† Businesses that have been operating â€Å"in the red† prior to Thanksgiving Day will hopefullyRead MoreA Commercialized Christmas Essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesStates in this day and age, people are most likely all too accustomed with this typical rush promoted between important festivities. It’s exclusively about generating maximum revenue for the large corporations as frantic shoppers attempt to assuage their stress through hour upon hour of incessant shopping; arising in our society today, an important question of whether or not this avaricious behavior communicates total loss of understanding as to what the true meaning of the season represents. InRead MoreThe Christmas Of The German Christmas Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesMatt Robidoux Dr. DeMisty Bellinger-Delfeld Writing 1 11/2/16 A couple of years ago my sister was involved in the student exchange program, and we had a student from Germany. She styed with us during the holiday season. She explained to us how the Christmas was celebrated differently in the two countries. Here are some of the things I learned   There is a huge difference of how Christmas is celebrated in America and how it is celebrated in Germany. Many Christmas traditions that we have in America

The Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith Essay - 1772 Words

In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith talks about international trade and subsequent government policies which became increasingly significant throughout modern history. Protectionism is the term for economic policies of restraining trade between countries when they want to protect their domestic industries from foreign competition. Trades nowadays have different forms and methods and involve more businessmen as well as consumers, which is why trade diplomats are looking to regional agreements. The US experienced two major economic declines during the 20th century, both of which had much to do with international trade. Smith mentioned tariffs in the 18th century, but the role and forms of protectionism have changed across time, so we should know whether the development of economy should actually be correlated with or decided by the political sector of the society and when protectionism will benefit or hurt economy. Main protectionist policies include tariffs, quotas, embargos and voluntary export restraints, and Adam Smith’s idea of absolute advantage has been developed further to explain international trade. In recent years, protectionism has become closely related to globalization during which the influences of trades spread almost everywhere, so people insist upon the study of social deformities generated by improper policies on international trade and the task of pointing them out with a view to remedy. There are certainly both economic and political purposes of tradeShow MoreRelatedThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1659 Words   |  7 PagesAdam Smith, the author of â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†, was a Scottish moral philosopher during the Industrial Revolution who was inspired by his surroundings to write about the field of economics. Being a man of intellect on various types of philosophical views, Smith was able to portray his passionate feelings about political thought t hrough his well-written works. While publishing his book, Smith became known as the â€Å"father of modern economics†. He was given this honorary title due to his strong determinationRead MoreWealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1574 Words   |  7 PagesIn his book, Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith makes arguments to support free-trade. These arguments range from having to do with war, all the way to the structure of social classes. In order to assess the morality of these arguments, David Hume’s definition of morality and Kant’s definition of morality can be used. These definitions, ultimately, serve as context for Smith’s arguments, so that there is a clearer idea of whether they are moral or not. From this, modern readers of Smith’s book can betterRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1774 Words   |  8 PagesAdam Smith’s masterpiece writing, The Wealth of Nations, attempts to create a different understanding of the economy from his age. The focus mainly remains on mercantilism the most prevalent economic system for Western Society at this time. Smith’s simple and in-depth explanations of even the most basic economic concepts allow for someone with little to no prior knowledge of economics to easily grasp his meaning, and coupling these explanations with real life examples provides even more teachingRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1384 Words   |  6 PagesSome books, such as the Bible, have influenced Christians. Common Sense by Thomas Paine encouraged Americans to join the fight against the British. Other books, however, do more than simply encourage; they introduce a new philosophy. The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith is claimed to aid the philosophy of what would one day become modern economics. One author wrote two books that would change the course of history. These books would lay foundations to communism and influence leaders like Lenin and Tse-TungRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1521 Words   |  7 PagesIn Adam Smith’s famous work, The Wealth of Nations, he references the idea of the â€Å"invisible hand† and its influence on the individual. An excerpt from Smith’s renown book reads, â€Å"[E]very individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it . . . he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promoteRead MoreWealth Of Nations By Adam Smith Summary818 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical economist even though he began studying economics after reading â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† by Adam Smith. Ricardo is most known for his theory of rent and his theory of comparative advantage. Some of his ideas are still relevant today including his comparative advantage theory. Finally, Ricardo was the first political economist to focus on distribution rather than production. 3. After beginning this paper with Adam Smith, it seemed fitting to end it will him as well, since he is one of the mostRead MoreAdam Smith s The Wealth Of Nations916 Words   |  4 PagesAdam Smith’s ‘The Wealth of Nations’ in 1776 is usually considered to mark the beginning of classical economics (Smith, 1776). He was the first to articulate that international trade was not a zero-sum game and it was counterproductive to have a single-minded reliance on exports. He proposed the theory that a country should specialize in manufacturing goods that it can make with the fewest resources, therefore giving it an advantage in the production of that good. This allows for global out to beRead MoreAdam Smith s The Wealth Of Nations Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesAdam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations (Hofstadter, v. 2 pp. 43-46) and Tom Paine’s Common Sense (Hofstadter, v. 2 pp. 53-62) were both published in 1776. However, that is not there only similarities. They both talk about the mother country’s ability to rule its colonies. They also talk about what they believe should and could lead to the political separation of the mother country and its colonies. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations looked to the fact that it is impractical to control the benefits ofRead MoreAdam Smith s Wealth Of Nations1057 Words   |  5 PagesThuy Hua PHIL 225 First Exegetical/Critical Paper Professor Michael Schleeter October 5, 2015 Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations For Smith, the value of all commodities that the market is supposed to promote is not come from the money price, but come from the amount of labor required to purchase them because nobody wants to purchase a good that is created with less effort. Therefore, the real value that the market needs to promote is the labor that is invested in the product. For example, in real lifeRead MoreSummary Of The Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith805 Words   |  4 Pagesthe passage given, Adam Smith examines the different methods that can increase the production of land and labour. He discusses that production can be raised by using the methods of, division of labour and capital accumulation. Smith also provides evidence throughout The Wealth of Nations, proving that his method of labour division is the best way to develop the economy. The key behind Smith’s writing is to prove how division of labour will improve economic progress. Initially, Smith proposes the idea

Mrs. Kr Free Essays

How long are the Florida Keys? Ans:106 Miles 2. Name the ten keys highlighted at this site. Ans:Key Largo, Islamorada, Long Key, Key West, Marathon, Big Pine, Tavernier, Grassy Key, Bahia Honda, Little Torch Key 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Kr or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which key is known as the diving capital of the world? Ans:Key Largo is known as the driving capital of the world 4. Briefly describe the John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park in Key Largo. Ans: John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park is a spectacular underwater park. There is a nature trail inside the park. In the parks visitors center you are introduced to the underwater beauty of sea life 5. Describe parasailing. Explain what determines how high a rider can go. In one sentence, explain if and why you would like to try it. Ans:Parasailing involves the use of a parachute and a boat. The elevation of the rider is controlled by the speed of the boat and the amount of cable. I wouldn’t try parasailing because I’m scared of heights 6. What are the three sections of the Florida Keys? Ans:Upper Keys, Middle Keys, and Lower Keys 7. Identify the key whose name means â€Å"purple isle. † Ans:Islamorada 8. List the key known as the sport fishing capital of the world. Ans:Islamorada 9. What part of Florida is known as the backcountry? Ans:Florida Bay 10. Name the largest U. S. park east of the Rocky Mountains. When and why was this park established? Ans:Everglades National Park is the largest U. S. park east of the Rocky Mountain. It was established in 1947† to preserve the primitive conditions† of certain wetlands extending from the Florida mainland 11. List some activities available in Everglades National Park. Ans:Ranger-led walks and talks. Boat tours. Hiking, biking and canoe trails. Back country camping and fishing 2. What was Tavernier Key used for in the eighteenth century? Ans:Wrecker used it as their base during the day, but at night they searched its reef for valuable goods from ships that had urn aground and sank 13. Which key is both smaller and less developed than its neighbors, and what is its best asset? Ans:Long Key is the smaller and less developed than its neighbors. Its best asset is that it offers seclusion and ready access to activities on neighboring keys. 14. Name the first and second longest bridges in the Florida Keys. Ans:The longest bridge is the 7-mile bridge; Long Key bridge is second 5. How did Marathon get its name? Ans: Helping to build the tracks for a railroad in the middle of the keys, a worker commented that the job was a marathon 16. How many bridges connect the Florida Keys? Ans:42 17. Which bridge appeared in the movie True Lies? Ans:7 mile bridge 18. What is a botel? Ans:a floating motel room with dockage for a guest’s boat 19. In addition to Marathon, which other key has a commercial airport? Ans:Key West 20. What are the tiny, white-tailed deer on Big Pine Key called? Ans:Key Deer 21. What attraction does Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary have for touris ts? Ans:People think it is the most spectacular coral reef in the Lower Keys. People enjoy snorkeling, skin diving, fishing, and boating. 22. What two corals does the article about the sanctuary mention? Ans:elkorn coral and massive star coral 23. How did Little Torch Key get its name? Ans:It was named after the torchwood tree 24. Which key is known in Spanish as Cayo Hueso? What does the name mean, and how did the key get this name? Ans:Key West is known in Spanish as Cayo Hueso, Which means â€Å" island of bones† Spanish explorers gave the key this name because they found the skeletal remains of Indians there 25. How far is Key West from Cuba? Ans:90 miles 26. What role did Key West serve before Fidel Castro came to power? Ans:it was a stopping for travelers between the United States and Cuba 27. What are some attractions of Duval Street? Ans:Sloppy Joes, Dival Street extends into art distract 28. Briefly describe the Hemingway Days Festival. Ans:The festival is in honor of Ernest Hernigway, who once lived in Key West. It includes a Hemingway look-alike contest 29. What happens during Sunset Fest? Ans:Every night people watch the sunset while being entertained by musicians and carnival acts 30. How do the locals refer to the Florida Keys and Key West? Ans:Paradise How to cite Mrs. Kr, Papers

The Big Chill Essay Example For Students

The Big Chill Essay The title of the movie The Big Chill is symbolic of the meeting of the group of adults who have not seen each other in years. It alludes to the circumstances which brought them together as well as their reaction to the meeting. The movie The Big Chill is about a group of adults who were once very close in the past but have drifted apart throughout the years. They are brought together under an unfortunate set of circumstances: One of the group, Alex, had committed suicide. This is the first instance in which the title, The Big Chill, is alluded to. It is symbolic of Alexs death, and the cold experience that was needed to bring the group together once more. We will write a custom essay on The Big Chill specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The group had a reunion after his funeral, only to find out that nobody really knew each other since their college days. This is symbolic that their friendships had been frozen, or dead, perhaps, since the group broke up many years ago. Another possibility is that the title symbolizes each individuals stolid realization that a certain part of their lives was dead, or frozen. This could refer to Alex, who had killed himself. Or it could refer to their friendship, which pro bably dwindled down from an occasional phone call to a seasonal letter or card, and eventually to virtual non-communication. The title could even have yet another hidden meaning. It could refer to the groups total loss of communication with Alex. This could have led to the point where nobody was able to see anything wrong with him, because they just were not a round to. Chloe, Alexs girl friend, probably did not notice because she did not know him as well as the rest of the group. But the rest of the group unintentionally gave Alex the cold shoulder when he was in the greatest need of help. Another instance of The Big Chill was when Meg asked Sam to have her baby. Sam coldly refused. Meg felt a bit rejected, even though she knew Sam only said no because he respected her. Sam, however, was very surprised and probably flattered to be asked. Overall, the title of the movie The Big Chill is symbolic in many ways. All of these ways are important to the meaning of the movie, if looked at symbolically.

How To Write A College Essay

How To Write A College Essay How To Write A College Essay 1. What is a college essay? College essay writing is an independent students research. What is a research? You hear this word almost daily. The manufacturer proudly announces that after years of research his company has produced a new fabric. The stock analyst claims that his market forecasts are products of sound research. When you need help similar to teachers, housewives, farmers, politicians, and military men, you turn to research laboratories for aid. Our custom essay writing service is able to cope with any task. Yes, research is a common word, a magic word. But what does it mean? What is the nature and value of scientific investigations? 2. Research is defined by scholars as a careful, critical search for solutions to the problems that plague and puzzle mankind. There is a lot of information on how to write college essays, how to write college application, how to write good college essays, how to write college application essays, how to write essays for college, etc. However, your first task is to solve the problem of the assigned topic and only then you may put all your thoughts and ideas to the sheet of paper. And at this stage of problem-solving inexperienced essay writer impatiently listens to advisers who ask: "Have you defined your problem clearly? Do you know what variables are involved? Do you possess the basic skills to solve it? Have you constructed a sound theoretical framework for this problem?" Without giving these questions serious consideration, student plunges headlong into gathering copious. How To Write A College Essay. The Main Problems Problems cannot be solved unless a college essay writer possesses the intellect to isolate and comprehend the specific factors giving rise to the difficulty. Locating and analyzing a problem is a crucial step in academic essays writing, yet many novices grasp at any straw and label it a problem. They spend hours, days or even weeks laboriously gathering data relating to their large, vague topics without ever defining a specific problem. The final result of their furious figuring and fact finding is a formless, frustrating fund of data. Having never decided precisely what to solve, they roam rudderless in a sea of facts with their voyage without a map obviously committed to failure. Before understanding how to write college essays you need to know how to solve the problem: Which facts, points of views to take for the basis and why? When you solve the problem of your English essay topic you can easily how to write college essay,how to write a discussion essay, how to write college application essay, etc. Interesting topics: Sociology Coursework Religion Coursework Media Studies Coursework Maths Coursework Management Coursework

Scoring Rubric Use and Samples for Elementary Grades

Scoring Rubric Use and Samples for Elementary Grades A scoring rubric evaluates the performance of an assignment. Its an organized way for teachers to assess their students work and learn what areas the student needs to develop in. How to Use a Scoring Rubric To get started you must: First, determine if you are scoring the assignment based on the overall quality and understanding of a concept. If you are, then this is a quick and easy way to score an assignment, because you are looking for an overall understanding rather than specific criteria. Next, read the assignment carefully. Be sure not to look at the rubric just yet because right now you are just focusing on the main concept. Re-read the assignment while focusing on the overall quality and understanding the student portrays. Lastly, use the rubric to determine the final score of the assignment. Learn how to score a rubric and view samples of expository and narrative writing rubrics. Plus: learn how to create a rubric from scratch by using this step-by-step guide to create a rubric. Sample Scoring Rubrics The following basic elementary scoring rubrics provide guidelines to evaluate assignments using the following criteria: 4 - Meaning the students work is Exemplary (Strong). He/she goes beyond what is expected of them to complete the assignment. 3 - Meaning the students work is good (Acceptable). He/she does what is expected of them to complete the assignment. 2 - Meaning the students work is satisfactory (Almost there but acceptable). He/she may or may not complete the assignment with limited understanding. 1 - Meaning the students work is not where it should be (weak). He/she does not complete the assignment and/or has no understanding of what to do. Use the scoring rubrics below as a way to assess your students skills. Scoring Rubric 1 4 Exemplary Student has a complete comprehension of the material Student participated and completed all activities Student completed all assignments in a timely manner and showed perfect performance 3 Good Quality Student has a proficient comprehension of the material Student actively participated in all activities Student completed assignments in a timely manner 2 Satisfactory Student has an average comprehension of the material Student mostly participated in all activities Student completed assignments with help 1 Not There Yet Student does not comprehend the material Students did not participate in activities Students did not complete assignments Scoring Rubric 2 4 The assignment is completed correctly and contains additional and outstanding features 3 The assignment is completed correctly with zero mistakes 2 The assignment is partially correct with no major mistakes 1 The assignment is not completed correctly and contains a lot of mistakes Scoring Rubric 3 Points Description 4 Students understanding of concept if clearly evident Student uses effective strategies to get accurate results Student uses logical thinking to arrive at the conclusion 3 Students understanding of the concept is evident Student uses appropriate strategies to arrive at a result Student shows thinking skills to arrive at the conclusion 2 Student has limited understanding of a concept Student uses strategies that are ineffective Student attempts to show thinking skills 1 Student has a complete lack of understanding of the concept Student makes no attempt to use a strategy Student shows no understanding

Preservation of Justice as the Power to Rightness Essay

Preservation of Justice as the Power to Rightness - Essay Example In the fall off the devil, Anselm says the angels that did not fall are free, and yet cannot sin. This proves that to Anselm, freedom construes the right, and ability to act in the right reason, or meaning having the right intention that cannot lead to sin. In this paper I will review the validity of Anselm’s argument in the statement that â€Å"after Satan fell, the angels that did not fall are free and yet cannot sin.† First I will evaluate Anselm’s view relating to the nature of God, secondly, I will review Anselm’s argument concerning, being and the essence of being. This will then lead to the relation between ‘being,’ and preservation of good and evil, evaluating how a being is regarded to be good or evil as related to act and intention of such a being. Finally I will evaluate the dilemma concerning freedom of choice, which will be essential in proving the hypothesis above. In Anselm's argument on free will, God, angels and humans are con sidered as rational beings able make viable decisions. Anselm view justice as the ability to will what one ought to will, meaning they possessed justice in willing what they ought to will, and sine they were rational beings, the good angles had the potential to sin, but refrained form it by choice. The essence of any being is to obtained justice by wiling what they ought to will; just as the good angels refrained from sin. ... er He has, and all other things have something only from him, and just as they have from themselves only nothing, so they have from him only something† (Anselm, 216). Anselm argues that everything has its essence through God, and nothing exists devoid of his power and will. This affirms the importance of ‘will’ in any action. God having been the first being to will implies that any subsequent rational beings have to share this quality. God being the absolute rational being, could only have created other rational beings in his own image, meaning that as God has freedom to will, only so could other rational beings be created. God has imparted the freedom to choose in all rational beings. Secondly, Anselm elaborates on the will and freedom of God to create and preserve any being. God is responsible for being, and what ‘is’ as He conserves in existence what’ is’. Every being is, because it was created by God, and He conserves it in existence. The theme of conservation in this case is responsible for the state of everything which is, without which a being cannot be. â€Å"But if you consider existing things: when they pass to not being, God does not cause them not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But also being cannot remain how it was made except by his conserving† (Anselm, 217). It is through conservation that a being is, without which the being would return to not being. Ekenberg (17) further elaborates this notion by arguing that God is only a cause of what is, not of ‘what is not.’ God according to Anselm cannot make something not to be, but by removing his conserving over the being, such a being automatically returns where it belonged to; in not being. Therefore, God’s will is positive and not meant to destroy; though God has freedom to preserve that which He wills.

Business assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business assessment - Assignment Example Recommendations 15 8. References 16 9. Appendix 19 1.0 Introduction Purpose of the Report The purpose of this report is to provide a critical comparative analysis of two organisations in the way they are operated and managed. This is to help us in discovering what causes success or failure for organisations and how different organisations adapt to dynamic environment. Organisations not flexible enough to adapt to the environment are unable to attract and retain talented employees or take advantage of available opportunities hence cannot achieve organisational effectiveness. Scope of the Report To analyse the operation and management of the two organisations the report will consider how they are structured and designed so as to show the interrelationships between roles and departments and lines of authority. Secondly, report will cover organisation of work especially the use of teams and team working. Thirdly, it will analyse the approaches to leadership and management adopted by the organisations as this determines their success or failure. The report will then analyse the organisational culture and its impact on the organisations operations and lastly, conclusions and recommendations will be made on how to improve operations and management. Organisations Background Biogenta is a manufacturing company producing crop-protection products and whose mission is to be the most trusted provider of crop-protection products in the world. It has manufacturing facilities in 10 countries and employees in over 80 countries. Contrary to popular belief that large size companies are bureaucratic in nature, Biogenta has an organic structure and a matrix design where individuals belong to a functional area and a project team. The chief executive officer, Jane Morgan is an effective leader and manager whose encouragement of creativity and innovation has pushed the company to greater heights. The company has a very strong culture which emphasizes on learning and development, diver sity and corporate social responsibility. Outback Inc is a traditional organisation run by family members. It offers tourism services to wide range of clients and operates in a very turbulent environment. Being a small organisation, it is expected to have an organic structure but instead, it is bureaucratic in nature with a functional design and little or no teamwork. Creativity and innovation is hindered by its autocratic leadership style. The company has no vision or mission and has a high turnover culture due to lack of opportunity for advancement and employee voice. 2.0 Organisational Design and Structure Benowitz (2011, p.70) defines an organization structure as â€Å"the configuration and interrelationships of positions and departments†. An organisation design on the other hand, is the change of an organization structure to enable it to respond effectively to environmental changes. A poor organization design and structure can lead to lack of co-ordination among function s, slow decision making, and role confusion (Corkindale, 2011). Types of Organisation structure An organisation structure is determined by the degree of complexity, formalisation, and centralisation. Complexity reflects the amount of differentiation in an organisation; formalisation shows the degree to which an organisation uses rules and procedures to direct behaviour while centralisation reflects how power and authority is distributed in an organisation. Gitman and McDaniel (2008) recognise two kinds of

An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling

An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling What is  Single-Stream  Recycling? Recycling is a process that converts waste into reusable material. For example, aluminum cans will be melted and then made into new cans and paper will be mixed with water to make pulp,   which then pressed into new sheets of paper. Single-stream recycling means that a consumer can put all types of recyclable goods-like aluminum cans, glass containers, paper, and plastic- into a single recycling bin and then a company receives the mixture of recyclable items and sorts it all out in a factory setting. The reason why people recycle is because they would like to contribute less waste to landfills. Larger landfills contribute to larger greenhouse gas emissions, which is known to wreak havoc on the earths atmosphere and health. How  Does  Residential  Single-Stream  Recycling Work? A resident will either purchase or be provided with a recycling bin-American recycling bins are typically green or blue-that will be kept in or right outside their household. The resident will fill the bin with all types of recyclable items including but not limited to paper, plastic, and metal, and glass-more specifics will be discussed shortly. That bin of recyclables will be emptied into a community dumpster or will be directly placed on the curb for a recycling company to pick up. This pick up of recyclables   typically happens on a weekly or biweekly basis. The recycling company will then dump all of the recyclables into a materials recovery facility (MRF) where they are will be sorted by machines and manpower [6]. The materials that can be salvaged are then collected by type (paper with paper, glass with glass, etc.) and shipped to various companies for them to repurpose and use for their own products. A Brief  Timeline  on the History  of Recycling 1897:  New York City creates one of the first MRFs in America. [12] 1965  to  1970:  The Mobius Loop is introduced as the symbol for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, by Gary Anderson. [12] 1974  University City, MO becomes one of the first municipalities in the country to offer curbside recycling to its residents. [12] 1988  The number of curbside recycling programs in the US increases to about 1,050. [12] 1990s  Communities in California were the first to use single- stream recycling in America. [11] 2000 The EPA confirms a link between global warming and waste, showing that recycling and reducing our garbage decreases greenhouse gas emissions. [12] 2005  About 20 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs use single-stream recycling. [10] 2010  About 64 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs used single-stream recycling. [10] 2011  America recycled about 87 million tons of material, more than 60 percent of Americans have access to curbside recycling. [10] 2015  About 22 percent of standard American county is complying with the standards to put right things in there. [1] Advantages For  the  Resident Decrease  sorting  efforts: Single-stream recycling versus multi-stream recycling means that the efforts for sorting recyclables are reducedall recyclables are allowed in a single recycling bin. This may make residents more likely to participate in recycling and may lead to more recyclables placed at the curb or in the community recycling dumpster/receptacle. [8] Clarity  of  destination: For residents participating in curb side pick- up, the recycling trucks will come by with distinguished signs labeling their truck as a recycling truck. The emphasis on clarity of which company is picking up their recyclables, will ensure the residents that their recyclables are being sent to a MRF and not a landfill [8]. For  the  Participating  Communities Decrease  waste  management  costs: For any given city, labor costs and tipping fees for garbage management will decrease as the amount of recycling increases. This means that an average American single- stream recycling system that costs $200,000 per year should be breaking even by 2019 [4]. Recycling costs a city $39 per ton, versus $49 for garbage. Also, single-compartment trucks cost less to purchase and operate versus multi-compartment trucks used for multi-stream recycling systems. This will also contribute to a reduced collection cost. Increase  efficiency: Single-compartment trucks are able to use automated collection routines, which leads to collection routes being serviced more efficiently [8]. Safer  conditions  for  workers: The workers for the recycling companies may see a decrease in the amount of work-related injuries. Recycling bins for single-stream recycling are commonly in the form of wheeled carts. Multi-stream bins were typically not wheeled which makes workers prone to injuring their backs when they pick up and carry numerous bins [8]. For the Environment Increase  land fill  life: Recycling in general will extend the life of a landfill because, with less waste in the garbage bin and more materials in the recycling bin, the landfill wont fill up so quickly with waste, thus extending its life [4]. Recycle  more  materials: As research continues, single-stream recycling may make way for an opportunity to add new materials to the list of recyclables accepted. Also, with a single-stream sorting system, more grades of paper may be collected than ever before [8]. An increase is the amount of recycled materials will positively impact the environment. Disadvantages For  the  Participating  Companies Increase  in  taxes: A resident who lives in a location that has a single-stream recycling program is most likely going topay local taxes for the program. These taxes are subject increase becuase Residents who participate in single- stream For the Environment Contaminated  material  to  landfills: Due to the nature of single-stream recycling, different materials will cross-contaminate other materials. A typical, new single- stream program endures contamination in about 40 percent of its loads [4]. These contaminated parts of the load will be sent to the landfill. Mixing all materials together is convenient, but leads to wet paper and bits of broken glass that cant be sorted. About a quarter of single-stream recycling goes to the dump because of contamination [6]. Lower  quality  of  products: Susan Collins, director of the Container Recycling Institutea nonprofit research and advocacy group, says in terms of preserving the quality of materials so that the maximum materials collected can actually be recycled, single-stream is one of the worst options [6]. The purpose of recycling is so that materials can be repurposed and reused. If the MRFs are supplying poor-quality raw material to companies, they are costing those companies a loss in quality of their goods as well. What You Can and Cant Recycle You should only recycle paper, cardboard, commingled containers, plastic bottles, tubs, jugs, and jars. Figure 2 offers some visual aids on what typical household recyclable goods look like. The  Big  DO  NOTS  of  Single-Stream  Recycling Do not recycle any container that has previously held oil because it is very likely to contaminate other items you place in your recycling bin [3]. Do not bag any items to be recycled-they should all be loosely placed into your recycling receptacle. Bagging items are very likely to be discarded during the recycling process and send to the landfill. Do not recycle plastic bags by themselves either because they can bind up the sorting machines gears and cause damage. Do not recycle Styrofoam or shredded paper. Excluding cardboard, make sure all commingled containers, bottles, jugs, and jars, are not flattened. Ball up on aluminum foil you recycle so that the sorting machines dont mistake it as a sheet of paper. Any material that was in contact with food or other messy substances should be emptied and rinsed out thoroughly.

Bmw Research Paper Essay

BMW is enhancing the travel experience for drivers and passengers while also launching a series of new platforms The BMW Group – one of Germany’s largest industrial companies – is also one of the most successful car and motorcycle manufacturers in the world and 2011 was its best year to date. With almost 1.7 million vehicles sold, the BMW Group is the world’s leading premium manufacturer in terms of sales volume. Its three automobile brands, BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce, and the BMW and Husqvarna motorcycles brands led to record sales of â‚ ¬68.8bn. During 2011, the company introduced five new BMW models across the 1,3,5 and 6 series as well as the Mini Coupe and the Rolls-Royce 102EX, the first electric vehicle in the ultra-luxury segment. In addition, the company also launched a new sub brand – BMW i – that includes the i3 all-electric and i8 plug-in hybrid concept cars due for launch in 2013. However, as well as selling more products than ever and expanding production capacity, especially for the all-important China market, the company also kicked off a number of strategic partnerships for the future. These included the start of the BMW Peugeot Citroà «n Electrification joint venture, the acquisition of a strategic investment in SGL Carbon SE and the cooperation with Toyota Motor Corporation in basic research for battery cell technology. Although a significant manufacturer, BMW is not part of a larger company like its main competitor Audi. As BMW invests heavily in innovation to continue to produce the ultimate driving experience, keeping its power options open is key, so as the shift towards electric continues to gather speed these development partnerships are vital elements in the company’s growth strategy.

Ruthless Truman Show Essay Topics Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Truman Show Essay Topics Strategies Exploited the Truman Show Essay Topics at a Glance He's had a severe drug addiction for many decades. Truman's full world is a falsity, it's. This false reality or dishonesty because you may call it's keeping Truman from realizing what's truly happening. This is a significant relationship since it really shows how fake Truman's world actually is. Because the set is an enormous island, Christopher set this up so that Truman will never be in a position to leave due to his fear of plain water. Weir felt Carrey was ideal for the role and opted to wait around for a different year as opposed to recast the position. the Truman Show Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Truman fits in the ideas of the urge to learn as he seeks to earn a genuine discovery about his life. Without her Truman would not have any urge to find out more regarding his surroundings, and he'd indefinitely be entrapped in his phony world for the rest of his life. The producers also print and broadcast messages of the risks of travelling merely to keep Truman in Seahaven for the remainder of his life. The desire to produce new discoveries about the world gives him more courage and he's in a position to brave the waters that was considered dangerous for use even as a way of transport. Some days you find these false realities taking so much power they just turn into a method of life. All you really can tell someone about the ability of these false perceptions is excellent luck to you! I am unable to say that the world is wholly separate from me. To summarize, via the finished scene, which is regarded as a turning point because of its exposure of an authentic system of a reality show to be able to demonstrate that reality TV shows can only manipulate those which belong to it. The Truman Show is a culmination and a perfect illustration of art work that could be employed to explain what's happening in the media around the world in the 21 centu ry. This synonymous relationship is vital to the movie since it enables the audience understand on a more compact scale how mistreated Truman is a critical part of the movie's theme. The world doesn't exist independently of consciousness I have, it's about the realization I take. Truman might have to go from believing the world is a happy and scheduled location, to a world full of complete and udder chaos. It's a reality that we aren't conscious of and we can't escape. The whole show is directed and made by the inventor of the show, Christof. the Truman Show Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! The quality is quite good as they are not re-encoded. Alongside her role was the value of being up-to-date on all the most recent products. It's built with an aid of contemporary technology and is complex. They have adequate understanding of the whole happenings, but they don't take effective attention to make sure he is saved from the control which he was subjected to. The Good , the Bad and the Truman Show Essay Topics This success is accomplished by satirical means of an exaggerated situation together with humour in the true screenplay. This is important so the participant doesn't feel pressured to remain in the experiment should they change their mind and decide they don't need to participate any more. The movie effectively used camera methods and unique effects to improve the notion that an authentic life with risks of pain and suffering is much better than one of safe imprisonment. This is among the most original concepts you will come across and shouldn't be missed. Meursault faced plenty of things like an existentialist. Dewey emphasizes that, in the conventional setting of learning, teachers set the majority of the conventions and don't take under consideration experiential learning among students. He also emphasizes that the desire to learn is determined by the progress of students to different levels of study. This is an entire invasion of privacy that he did not have any knowledge to provide consent in the very first place. Today in the lack of full, timely and accurate info, choice wouldn't exist. The Right to Withdraw ensures that the participant knows that they're totally free to withdraw from the analysis at any moment. Be certain to include your complete name on every page of your submission.

Understanding Venture Capital In A Country Like India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3448 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION Starting an enterprise is never easy. There are a number of parameters that contribute to its success or downfall. Experience, integrity, prudence and a clear understanding of the market are among the most sought after qualities of an entrepreneur. However, there are other factors, which lie beyond the control of the entrepreneur. Prominent among these is the timely infusion of funds. This is where the concept of venture capital comes in. 2. VENTURE CAPITAL BRIEFING THE HISTORY AND THE CONCEPT Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Understanding Venture Capital In A Country Like India Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 2.1 Venture Capital: A Brief Elucidation of the Meaning It is in fact nearly impossible to come across one single definition of the concept. However, for the study, the definition provided by the National Venture Capital Association can be adopted. The National Venture Capital Association defines venture capital as, Money provided by professionals who invest alongside management in young, rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors.[1] It can be mentioned that venture capital has developed as a result of the need to provide a risky finance to new ventures based on a promising and innovative entrepreneurship. Venture capital means risk capital. It refers to capital investment, both equity and debt, which carries substantial risk and uncertainties. It is said that while the risk envisaged in such venture capital may be very high, which may even result in total loss, the returns or gains also may be very big. 2.2 History of Venture Capital: A Brief Perusal In the absence of an organised venture capital industry until almost 1998 in India, individual investors and development financial institutions have played the role of venture capitalists. Entrepreneurs have largely depended upon private placements, public offerings and lending by financial institutions.[2] In 1973, a committee on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises highlighted the need to foster venture capital as a source of funding for new entrepreneurs and technology. Thereafter, some public sector funds were established but the activity of venture capital did not gather momentum as the thrust was on high-technology projects funded on a purely financial rather than a holistic basis. Later, a study was undertaken by the World Bank to examine the possibility of developing venture capital in the private sector, based on which the Indian government took a policy initiative and announced guidelines for venture capital funds (VCFs) in 1988. However, these guidelines restricted the setting up of VCFs to the banks or the financial institutions only. Internationally, the trend favoured venture capital being supplied by smaller-scale, entrepreneurial venture financiers willing to take a high risk in the expectation of high returns, a trend that has continued in this decade. In September 1995 the Indian government issued guidelines for overseas investments in venture capital in India. For tax exemption purposes, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)issued guidelines. The flow of investments and foreign currency in and out of India has been governed by the Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) requirements. Furthermore, as part of its mandate to regulate and to develop the Indian capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) framed the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996. Pursuant to this regulatory framework some domestic VCFs were registered with SEBI. Some overseas investment also came through the Mauritius route. However, the venture capital industry is still in a nascent stage in India.[3] At the same time, due to economic liberalisation and an increasingly global outlook in India, there is an increased awareness and interest of domestic as well as foreign investors in venture capital. Institutional interest is growing and foreign venture investments are also on the rise. Given the proper environment and policy support, there is undoubtedly a tremendous potential for venture capital activity in India.[4] In the year 1988 the Finance Minister formally introduced the venture capital industry in his budget speech. In this direction the venture capital fund was created to be managed by IDBI in order to provide financial assistance to industrial concerns looking for commercial applications of indigenous technologies. Over the decades many Developmental Finance Institutions such as Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), and Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd (IFCI) etc have been providing financial assistance but due to their core business of lending they were denied permission for VC investing as their key business. Later on most of them have incorporated a new entity exclusively for venture capital financing. IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd. was originally set up by IFCI by the name of Risk Capital Foundation (RCF) in 1975 to provide institutional support to first generation professionals. But in 1988, RCF was c onverted into a company, Risk Capital and Technology Finance Corporation Ltd. (RCTC), and it also introduced the Technology Finance and Development Scheme for commercialization of home-grown technology. Hence, to make the changes in the companys activities evident, the name was changed to IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd in February 2000. Again ICICI incorporated ICICI Ventures in 1988, and is the largest venture fund management company in India with aggregate funds currently under management in excess of Rs.20 billion. 3. THE ROLE OF VENTURE CAPITAL IN PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF CAPITAL MARKET Venture capital is very different from traditional sources of financing. Venture capitalists finance innovation and ideas, which have a potential for high growth but with inherent uncertainties. This makes it a high-risk, high-return investment.[5] Apart from finance, venture capitalists provide networking, management and marketing support as well. In the broadest sense, therefore, venture capital connotes human as well as financial capital. In the global venture capital industry, investors and investee firms work together closely in an enabling environment that allows entrepreneurs to focus on value creating ideas. Venture capitalists, meanwhile, drive the industry through ownership of the levers of control in return for the provision of capital, skills, information and complementary resources. This very blend of risk financing and handholding of entrepreneurs by venture capitalists creates an environment particularly suitable for knowledge and technology-based enterprises. Scientific, technological and knowledge-based ideas, properly supported by venture capital, can be propelled into a powerful engine of economic growth and wealth creation in a sustainable manner. In various developed and developing economies, venture capital has played a significant developmental role. India, along with Israel, Taiwan and the US, is recognised for its globally competitive high technology and human capital. Indias recent success story in software and IT is almost a fairy tale when considering obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure, expensive hardware, restricted access to foreign skills and capital, and limited domestic demand. It also indicates the potential India has in terms of knowledge and technology-based industry. It can be said that India is still at a level where it has an adequate amount of knowledge in many sectors. However, given the limited infrastructure, low foreign investment and other transitional problems in India, it certainly needs policy support to move to the stage of development of ideas, and towards innovation and product development by using this knowledge. This is crucial for sustainable growth and for maintaining Indias competitive edge. This will take capital and other support, which can be provided by venture capitalists. Also, India has a vast pool of existing and on-going scientific and technical research carried out by a large number of research laboratories, including defence laboratories as well as universities and technical institutes. A suitable venture capital environment that includes incubation facilities can help a great deal in identifying and actualising some of this research into commercial production. The development of a proper venture capital industry, particularly in the Indian context, is needed if high quality public offerings (IPOs) are to be achieved. In the present situation, an individual investor becomes a venture capitalist of a sort by financing new enterprises and undertaking unknown risks. Investors also get enticed into public offerings of unproven and at times dubious quality. This situation can be corrected by venture-backed successful enterprises accessing the capital market. This will also protect smaller investors. Long-term Orientation: Analysing the history of venture capital industry, it can be said that there is generally a long-term orientation involved in venture capital. This obviously brings security to the entrepreneur and he gets an adequate opportunity to prove his worth. Thus, venture capital is valuable not just because it makes risk capital available in the early stages of a project, but also because a venture capitalist brings expertise that leads to superior product development. 4. ACTIVE REGULATIONS GOVERNING VENTURE CAPITAL Indias economy may be gaining in strength, but venture capital in the country is in need of a boost. With the right regulations and policy in place, venture capitalists could help the technology industry, among others, to take off even further. And now is the right time to implement an organised environment for investment in small enterprises.[6] The venture capital industry in India has been undergoing a downward trend for the past two years. In the current economic scenario in the country, it is imperative to promote innovation, enterprise and conversion of scientific technology and knowledge based business ideas into commercial activity. Venture capital caters to different areas of business such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and drugs, agriculture, food processing, telecommunications, services, etc. The inherent strength of India lies in its skilled and cost-competitive manpower. If adequate policy support is made available to Indian entrepreneurs, Indias current development can be sustained and it is sure to pace towards the targeted 8 per cent economic growth with ease. The current atmosphere is now ripe for creating the right regulatory and policy environment for sustaining the momentum for high technology entrepreneurship. It is high time that an organized environment is created for the venture capital industry in India. The government of India issued guidelines in September 1995 for overseas venture capital investment in India. There were three sets of regulations dealing with venture capital activity: SEBI (Venture Capital) Regulations 1996; Guidelines for Overseas Venture Capital Investments issued by Department of Economic Affairs in the Ministry of Finance in the year 1995; and CBDTs guidelines for venture capital companies issued in 1995, which were later modified in 1999. Hence, a need was felt for the consolidation of all these into one single set of regulations to provide for uniformity and remove any ambiguity in any interpretation. Thus, based on the recommendations of the KB Chandrasekhar Committee, SEBI was made the head-regulator for Venture Capital Funds (VCFs) that provides a uniform, single window regulatory framework. SEBI also notified regulations for foreign venture capital investors. These foreign venture capital investors (FVCIs) should also be registered with SEBI. To promote the venture capital industry in India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) set up an advisory committee on venture capital under the chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Lahiri, chief economic advisor, Ministry of Finance, government of India, for advising SEBI in matters relating to the development and regulation of venture capital funds in India. This committee removed some earlier restrictions and recommended measures like permitting venture capital funds to invest in real estate, removing lock-in period for shares of listed venture capital undertakings and reducing the proportion of funds raised that have to be invested in unlisted companies from 75 per cent to 66.67 per cent and so on. After the last amendment of SEBIs venture capital regulations in 2000, there were no major issues raised in the industry. Nevertheless, all regulations need to evolve to keep pace with the changing economic scenario, particularly in a dynamic industry such as venture capitalism. This committee, constituted for the said purpose, deliberated on various issues that are related to venture capital, broadly divided into three categories: operational, tax related, and foreign exchange related issues. Currently, VCFs and FVCIs registered with SEBI cannot invest more than 25 per cent of the funds in shares at the time of IPO or in debt or debt instruments of a company in which the VCF has already invested by way of equity. VCFs and FVCIs are subjected to a lock-in period of one year and cannot exit immediately on listing of the shares. This acts as a deterrent factor, as it does not give an opportunity to VCFs to acquire shares in companies in the focus areas of the fund, and obtain early liquidity and returns to investors in the VCFs. The committee recommended that the restriction relating to the lock-in period be removed. As per SEBI regulations, VCFs and FVCIs are required to invest at least 75 per cent of the investible funds in unlisted equity shares or equity linked instruments. This restricts the registered VCFs from investing in listed companies. It was recommended that this restriction should be reduced by bringing the amount to be invested in unlisted companies. The committee recommended a reduction on the minimum limit of investment in unlisted companies from 75 per cent to 66.67 per cent. The remaining 33.33 per cent (or less, depending on how much is invested in unlisted companies) may be invested in listed securities. The committee argues that because of the risky nature of investment in unlisted companies, as well as the time lag between investment and payback, this measure will help VC funds to protect their net asset value (NAV) during the initial period. SEBI regulations stipulate that the VCFs and FVCIs can invest 75 per cent of the investible funds in the form of equity or equity-linked instruments. Some portion of the investible funds is allowed to be invested in debt or debt-related instruments provided the VCF or FVCI has already invested in the venture capital undertaking by way of equity. The industry sought freedom to invest in instruments that give them flexibility to invest in some kind of hybrid instruments that are optionally convertible. Equity-linked instruments, by definition, should be compulsorily convertible into equity. This deprives the VCFs of any flexibility in future investment. Therefore, the Ashok Lahiri Committee recommended that some types of hybrid instruments, which are optionally convertible into equity, may be permitted for investment within the 66.67 per cent portion of the investible funds, allocated for investment in unlisted companies. Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are independent, stand-alone entities specifically set up for the purpose of a single transaction or project. Since the SPV has its own separate legal identity, it can raise capital in its name, own assets and create a charge over them. SPVs ensure that shareholders have a liability limited to the extent of their unpaid shares. This protects the shareholders from liabilities arising from the contracts entered into by the business earlier. There are instances in which VCFs and FVCIs need to resort to innovative financing structures by creating SPVs in the form of trusts or holding companies that will issue shares on the underlying business. The committee suggested some measures to facilitate the process of setting up SPVs and their operations. Currently, VCFs are not permitted to invest in the non-banking financial services sector. The committee recommended that given the risky nature of the business in this sector, VCFs may only be allowed to invest in NBFCs engaged in equipment leasing and hire purchase. The committee also recommended that real estate investments by VCFs and FCVIs be permitted. According to the current SEBI regulations, financing gold is not a permitted activity for VCFs and FCVIs. It has been recommended that this restriction on financing of gold be removed. At the same time, the restriction continues on financing for speculation in gold. Other Regulatory Issues The venture capital industry believed that SEBI registered VCFs should be permitted to invest up to a certain percentage of their corpus in overseas companies. This is expected to help the Indian VCFs to invest in offshore companies and also allows them to have global management exposure. The members of the committee resolved this issue by recommending that VCFs be allowed to invest in offshore VCUs. It was suggested that the RBI may periodically specify the overall limit for such investment, which may be monitored by the SEBI. The committee also recommended the appointment of a custodian by each FVCI to facilitate the maintenance of records and to ensure a smooth transition when the VCUs shares get listed. Furthermore, to faciltate the overall growth of the VC industry and ensure faster flow of venture capital funds into India, SEBI may from time to time expand the definition of Venture Capital Undertaking (VCU) suitably. The performance of VCFs is often judged based on their successful exit from the VCUs. These exit routes may take any of the following forms: initial public offer, merger or acquisition or a management buy-out. MA is the most common route. When a foreign company acquires a VCU, the consideration is paid through cash or through issuance of securities of the foreign company. The VCFs then realise cash by sale of such foreign securities. The committee felt that a clarification should be issued on the tax issues related to these exit routes through a Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) circular. Most of the FVCIs prefer to have a wholly owned subsidiary in India to act as an advisor and for carrying out various investment and post-investment activities. FVCIs opine that the activities carried out by these subsidiary companies do not require investment of any funds. But they are compelled to lock cash into their Indian advisory subsidiaries to meet the minimum capitalization requirement. It has been recommended that wholly owned Indian subsidiaries of FVCIs registered with SEBI may be exempted from the minimum capitalisation requirements. 5. CONCLUSION Venture capital can play a more innovation and development role in a developing country like India. It could help the rehabilitation of sick unit through people with ideas and turnaround management skill. A large number of small enterprises in India because sick unit even before the commencement of production of production. Venture capitalist could also be in line with the developments taking place in their parent companies. Yet another area where can play a significant role in developing countries is the service sector including tourism, publishing, healthcare etc. they could also provide financial assistance to people coming out of the universities, technical institutes etc. who wish to start their own venture with or without high-tech content, but involving high risk. This would encourage the entrepreneurial spirit. It is not only initial funding which is need from the venture capitalists, but the should also simultaneously provide management and marketing expertise-a real critical aspect of venture capitalists, but they also simultaneously provide management and marketing expertise-a real critical aspect of venture capital in developing countries. Which can improve their effectiveness by setting up venture capital cell in RD and other scientific generation, providing syndicated or consortium financing and acing as business incubators. Venture capital investments in India have fallen by 34 per cent in 2002 according to the Indian Venture Capital Association (IVCA). In 2001, the decline was 4.3 per cent. The decline in the industry is surprising, given that some big ticket VC deals have taken place in the country. Ironically, individual deals have grown exponentially, ranging between $10m and $100m per investment. The reasons that can be attributed to the current declining trend in the VC industry are: the nature of the VC activity and the so called third generation VC funds Infinity Ventures, Indian Direct Fund (IDF) and eVentures India have started cleaning out their portfolios through strategic sales. But 2004 is going to prove fruitful for the VC industry in India. This bright forecast came from the meeting of foreign venture capitalists in November 2003 in Hyderabad, at a global conference to explore the possibilities of financing new ventures in India. Several funds based in Europe and the US expressed their keen interest in investing in India either directly or by creating a separate India fund aimed at supporting start-ups. Silicon Valley Bank is planning to set up an office in India to support its clients willing to set up operations in India. VC firms are attracted by the stupendous performance of the country Asias third largest economy. According to the Indian Venture Capital Association, India received $550m in venture capital funding in 78 companies in 2002, second only to South Koreas $906m in Asia outside of Japan. Venture capital investments in the six months ending September 2003 are said to have touched $400m and are expected to touch $650m mark by the end of March 2004. India offers bright promises for ventures in areas such as IT and biotechnology. In a strategic review of the VC industry for 2004, the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) has observed that the Indian venture capital sector faces a challenging environment. The recommendations of the advisory group for foreign venture capital investors (FVCIs) are expected to improve the prospects of the industry and Indian entrepreneurs should be able to steer ahead in their ventures