An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling

An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling What is  Single-Stream  Recycling? Recycling is a process that converts waste into reusable material. For example, aluminum cans will be melted and then made into new cans and paper will be mixed with water to make pulp,   which then pressed into new sheets of paper. Single-stream recycling means that a consumer can put all types of recyclable goods-like aluminum cans, glass containers, paper, and plastic- into a single recycling bin and then a company receives the mixture of recyclable items and sorts it all out in a factory setting. The reason why people recycle is because they would like to contribute less waste to landfills. Larger landfills contribute to larger greenhouse gas emissions, which is known to wreak havoc on the earths atmosphere and health. How  Does  Residential  Single-Stream  Recycling Work? A resident will either purchase or be provided with a recycling bin-American recycling bins are typically green or blue-that will be kept in or right outside their household. The resident will fill the bin with all types of recyclable items including but not limited to paper, plastic, and metal, and glass-more specifics will be discussed shortly. That bin of recyclables will be emptied into a community dumpster or will be directly placed on the curb for a recycling company to pick up. This pick up of recyclables   typically happens on a weekly or biweekly basis. The recycling company will then dump all of the recyclables into a materials recovery facility (MRF) where they are will be sorted by machines and manpower [6]. The materials that can be salvaged are then collected by type (paper with paper, glass with glass, etc.) and shipped to various companies for them to repurpose and use for their own products. A Brief  Timeline  on the History  of Recycling 1897:  New York City creates one of the first MRFs in America. [12] 1965  to  1970:  The Mobius Loop is introduced as the symbol for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, by Gary Anderson. [12] 1974  University City, MO becomes one of the first municipalities in the country to offer curbside recycling to its residents. [12] 1988  The number of curbside recycling programs in the US increases to about 1,050. [12] 1990s  Communities in California were the first to use single- stream recycling in America. [11] 2000 The EPA confirms a link between global warming and waste, showing that recycling and reducing our garbage decreases greenhouse gas emissions. [12] 2005  About 20 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs use single-stream recycling. [10] 2010  About 64 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs used single-stream recycling. [10] 2011  America recycled about 87 million tons of material, more than 60 percent of Americans have access to curbside recycling. [10] 2015  About 22 percent of standard American county is complying with the standards to put right things in there. [1] Advantages For  the  Resident Decrease  sorting  efforts: Single-stream recycling versus multi-stream recycling means that the efforts for sorting recyclables are reducedall recyclables are allowed in a single recycling bin. This may make residents more likely to participate in recycling and may lead to more recyclables placed at the curb or in the community recycling dumpster/receptacle. [8] Clarity  of  destination: For residents participating in curb side pick- up, the recycling trucks will come by with distinguished signs labeling their truck as a recycling truck. The emphasis on clarity of which company is picking up their recyclables, will ensure the residents that their recyclables are being sent to a MRF and not a landfill [8]. For  the  Participating  Communities Decrease  waste  management  costs: For any given city, labor costs and tipping fees for garbage management will decrease as the amount of recycling increases. This means that an average American single- stream recycling system that costs $200,000 per year should be breaking even by 2019 [4]. Recycling costs a city $39 per ton, versus $49 for garbage. Also, single-compartment trucks cost less to purchase and operate versus multi-compartment trucks used for multi-stream recycling systems. This will also contribute to a reduced collection cost. Increase  efficiency: Single-compartment trucks are able to use automated collection routines, which leads to collection routes being serviced more efficiently [8]. Safer  conditions  for  workers: The workers for the recycling companies may see a decrease in the amount of work-related injuries. Recycling bins for single-stream recycling are commonly in the form of wheeled carts. Multi-stream bins were typically not wheeled which makes workers prone to injuring their backs when they pick up and carry numerous bins [8]. For the Environment Increase  land fill  life: Recycling in general will extend the life of a landfill because, with less waste in the garbage bin and more materials in the recycling bin, the landfill wont fill up so quickly with waste, thus extending its life [4]. Recycle  more  materials: As research continues, single-stream recycling may make way for an opportunity to add new materials to the list of recyclables accepted. Also, with a single-stream sorting system, more grades of paper may be collected than ever before [8]. An increase is the amount of recycled materials will positively impact the environment. Disadvantages For  the  Participating  Companies Increase  in  taxes: A resident who lives in a location that has a single-stream recycling program is most likely going topay local taxes for the program. These taxes are subject increase becuase Residents who participate in single- stream For the Environment Contaminated  material  to  landfills: Due to the nature of single-stream recycling, different materials will cross-contaminate other materials. A typical, new single- stream program endures contamination in about 40 percent of its loads [4]. These contaminated parts of the load will be sent to the landfill. Mixing all materials together is convenient, but leads to wet paper and bits of broken glass that cant be sorted. About a quarter of single-stream recycling goes to the dump because of contamination [6]. Lower  quality  of  products: Susan Collins, director of the Container Recycling Institutea nonprofit research and advocacy group, says in terms of preserving the quality of materials so that the maximum materials collected can actually be recycled, single-stream is one of the worst options [6]. The purpose of recycling is so that materials can be repurposed and reused. If the MRFs are supplying poor-quality raw material to companies, they are costing those companies a loss in quality of their goods as well. What You Can and Cant Recycle You should only recycle paper, cardboard, commingled containers, plastic bottles, tubs, jugs, and jars. Figure 2 offers some visual aids on what typical household recyclable goods look like. The  Big  DO  NOTS  of  Single-Stream  Recycling Do not recycle any container that has previously held oil because it is very likely to contaminate other items you place in your recycling bin [3]. Do not bag any items to be recycled-they should all be loosely placed into your recycling receptacle. Bagging items are very likely to be discarded during the recycling process and send to the landfill. Do not recycle plastic bags by themselves either because they can bind up the sorting machines gears and cause damage. Do not recycle Styrofoam or shredded paper. Excluding cardboard, make sure all commingled containers, bottles, jugs, and jars, are not flattened. Ball up on aluminum foil you recycle so that the sorting machines dont mistake it as a sheet of paper. Any material that was in contact with food or other messy substances should be emptied and rinsed out thoroughly.

Bmw Research Paper Essay

BMW is enhancing the travel experience for drivers and passengers while also launching a series of new platforms The BMW Group – one of Germany’s largest industrial companies – is also one of the most successful car and motorcycle manufacturers in the world and 2011 was its best year to date. With almost 1.7 million vehicles sold, the BMW Group is the world’s leading premium manufacturer in terms of sales volume. Its three automobile brands, BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce, and the BMW and Husqvarna motorcycles brands led to record sales of â‚ ¬68.8bn. During 2011, the company introduced five new BMW models across the 1,3,5 and 6 series as well as the Mini Coupe and the Rolls-Royce 102EX, the first electric vehicle in the ultra-luxury segment. In addition, the company also launched a new sub brand – BMW i – that includes the i3 all-electric and i8 plug-in hybrid concept cars due for launch in 2013. However, as well as selling more products than ever and expanding production capacity, especially for the all-important China market, the company also kicked off a number of strategic partnerships for the future. These included the start of the BMW Peugeot Citroà «n Electrification joint venture, the acquisition of a strategic investment in SGL Carbon SE and the cooperation with Toyota Motor Corporation in basic research for battery cell technology. Although a significant manufacturer, BMW is not part of a larger company like its main competitor Audi. As BMW invests heavily in innovation to continue to produce the ultimate driving experience, keeping its power options open is key, so as the shift towards electric continues to gather speed these development partnerships are vital elements in the company’s growth strategy.

Ruthless Truman Show Essay Topics Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Truman Show Essay Topics Strategies Exploited the Truman Show Essay Topics at a Glance He's had a severe drug addiction for many decades. Truman's full world is a falsity, it's. This false reality or dishonesty because you may call it's keeping Truman from realizing what's truly happening. This is a significant relationship since it really shows how fake Truman's world actually is. Because the set is an enormous island, Christopher set this up so that Truman will never be in a position to leave due to his fear of plain water. Weir felt Carrey was ideal for the role and opted to wait around for a different year as opposed to recast the position. the Truman Show Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Truman fits in the ideas of the urge to learn as he seeks to earn a genuine discovery about his life. Without her Truman would not have any urge to find out more regarding his surroundings, and he'd indefinitely be entrapped in his phony world for the rest of his life. The producers also print and broadcast messages of the risks of travelling merely to keep Truman in Seahaven for the remainder of his life. The desire to produce new discoveries about the world gives him more courage and he's in a position to brave the waters that was considered dangerous for use even as a way of transport. Some days you find these false realities taking so much power they just turn into a method of life. All you really can tell someone about the ability of these false perceptions is excellent luck to you! I am unable to say that the world is wholly separate from me. To summarize, via the finished scene, which is regarded as a turning point because of its exposure of an authentic system of a reality show to be able to demonstrate that reality TV shows can only manipulate those which belong to it. The Truman Show is a culmination and a perfect illustration of art work that could be employed to explain what's happening in the media around the world in the 21 centu ry. This synonymous relationship is vital to the movie since it enables the audience understand on a more compact scale how mistreated Truman is a critical part of the movie's theme. The world doesn't exist independently of consciousness I have, it's about the realization I take. Truman might have to go from believing the world is a happy and scheduled location, to a world full of complete and udder chaos. It's a reality that we aren't conscious of and we can't escape. The whole show is directed and made by the inventor of the show, Christof. the Truman Show Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! The quality is quite good as they are not re-encoded. Alongside her role was the value of being up-to-date on all the most recent products. It's built with an aid of contemporary technology and is complex. They have adequate understanding of the whole happenings, but they don't take effective attention to make sure he is saved from the control which he was subjected to. The Good , the Bad and the Truman Show Essay Topics This success is accomplished by satirical means of an exaggerated situation together with humour in the true screenplay. This is important so the participant doesn't feel pressured to remain in the experiment should they change their mind and decide they don't need to participate any more. The movie effectively used camera methods and unique effects to improve the notion that an authentic life with risks of pain and suffering is much better than one of safe imprisonment. This is among the most original concepts you will come across and shouldn't be missed. Meursault faced plenty of things like an existentialist. Dewey emphasizes that, in the conventional setting of learning, teachers set the majority of the conventions and don't take under consideration experiential learning among students. He also emphasizes that the desire to learn is determined by the progress of students to different levels of study. This is an entire invasion of privacy that he did not have any knowledge to provide consent in the very first place. Today in the lack of full, timely and accurate info, choice wouldn't exist. The Right to Withdraw ensures that the participant knows that they're totally free to withdraw from the analysis at any moment. Be certain to include your complete name on every page of your submission.

Understanding Venture Capital In A Country Like India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3448 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION Starting an enterprise is never easy. There are a number of parameters that contribute to its success or downfall. Experience, integrity, prudence and a clear understanding of the market are among the most sought after qualities of an entrepreneur. However, there are other factors, which lie beyond the control of the entrepreneur. Prominent among these is the timely infusion of funds. This is where the concept of venture capital comes in. 2. VENTURE CAPITAL BRIEFING THE HISTORY AND THE CONCEPT Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Understanding Venture Capital In A Country Like India Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 2.1 Venture Capital: A Brief Elucidation of the Meaning It is in fact nearly impossible to come across one single definition of the concept. However, for the study, the definition provided by the National Venture Capital Association can be adopted. The National Venture Capital Association defines venture capital as, Money provided by professionals who invest alongside management in young, rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors.[1] It can be mentioned that venture capital has developed as a result of the need to provide a risky finance to new ventures based on a promising and innovative entrepreneurship. Venture capital means risk capital. It refers to capital investment, both equity and debt, which carries substantial risk and uncertainties. It is said that while the risk envisaged in such venture capital may be very high, which may even result in total loss, the returns or gains also may be very big. 2.2 History of Venture Capital: A Brief Perusal In the absence of an organised venture capital industry until almost 1998 in India, individual investors and development financial institutions have played the role of venture capitalists. Entrepreneurs have largely depended upon private placements, public offerings and lending by financial institutions.[2] In 1973, a committee on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises highlighted the need to foster venture capital as a source of funding for new entrepreneurs and technology. Thereafter, some public sector funds were established but the activity of venture capital did not gather momentum as the thrust was on high-technology projects funded on a purely financial rather than a holistic basis. Later, a study was undertaken by the World Bank to examine the possibility of developing venture capital in the private sector, based on which the Indian government took a policy initiative and announced guidelines for venture capital funds (VCFs) in 1988. However, these guidelines restricted the setting up of VCFs to the banks or the financial institutions only. Internationally, the trend favoured venture capital being supplied by smaller-scale, entrepreneurial venture financiers willing to take a high risk in the expectation of high returns, a trend that has continued in this decade. In September 1995 the Indian government issued guidelines for overseas investments in venture capital in India. For tax exemption purposes, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)issued guidelines. The flow of investments and foreign currency in and out of India has been governed by the Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) requirements. Furthermore, as part of its mandate to regulate and to develop the Indian capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) framed the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996. Pursuant to this regulatory framework some domestic VCFs were registered with SEBI. Some overseas investment also came through the Mauritius route. However, the venture capital industry is still in a nascent stage in India.[3] At the same time, due to economic liberalisation and an increasingly global outlook in India, there is an increased awareness and interest of domestic as well as foreign investors in venture capital. Institutional interest is growing and foreign venture investments are also on the rise. Given the proper environment and policy support, there is undoubtedly a tremendous potential for venture capital activity in India.[4] In the year 1988 the Finance Minister formally introduced the venture capital industry in his budget speech. In this direction the venture capital fund was created to be managed by IDBI in order to provide financial assistance to industrial concerns looking for commercial applications of indigenous technologies. Over the decades many Developmental Finance Institutions such as Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), and Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd (IFCI) etc have been providing financial assistance but due to their core business of lending they were denied permission for VC investing as their key business. Later on most of them have incorporated a new entity exclusively for venture capital financing. IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd. was originally set up by IFCI by the name of Risk Capital Foundation (RCF) in 1975 to provide institutional support to first generation professionals. But in 1988, RCF was c onverted into a company, Risk Capital and Technology Finance Corporation Ltd. (RCTC), and it also introduced the Technology Finance and Development Scheme for commercialization of home-grown technology. Hence, to make the changes in the companys activities evident, the name was changed to IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd in February 2000. Again ICICI incorporated ICICI Ventures in 1988, and is the largest venture fund management company in India with aggregate funds currently under management in excess of Rs.20 billion. 3. THE ROLE OF VENTURE CAPITAL IN PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF CAPITAL MARKET Venture capital is very different from traditional sources of financing. Venture capitalists finance innovation and ideas, which have a potential for high growth but with inherent uncertainties. This makes it a high-risk, high-return investment.[5] Apart from finance, venture capitalists provide networking, management and marketing support as well. In the broadest sense, therefore, venture capital connotes human as well as financial capital. In the global venture capital industry, investors and investee firms work together closely in an enabling environment that allows entrepreneurs to focus on value creating ideas. Venture capitalists, meanwhile, drive the industry through ownership of the levers of control in return for the provision of capital, skills, information and complementary resources. This very blend of risk financing and handholding of entrepreneurs by venture capitalists creates an environment particularly suitable for knowledge and technology-based enterprises. Scientific, technological and knowledge-based ideas, properly supported by venture capital, can be propelled into a powerful engine of economic growth and wealth creation in a sustainable manner. In various developed and developing economies, venture capital has played a significant developmental role. India, along with Israel, Taiwan and the US, is recognised for its globally competitive high technology and human capital. Indias recent success story in software and IT is almost a fairy tale when considering obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure, expensive hardware, restricted access to foreign skills and capital, and limited domestic demand. It also indicates the potential India has in terms of knowledge and technology-based industry. It can be said that India is still at a level where it has an adequate amount of knowledge in many sectors. However, given the limited infrastructure, low foreign investment and other transitional problems in India, it certainly needs policy support to move to the stage of development of ideas, and towards innovation and product development by using this knowledge. This is crucial for sustainable growth and for maintaining Indias competitive edge. This will take capital and other support, which can be provided by venture capitalists. Also, India has a vast pool of existing and on-going scientific and technical research carried out by a large number of research laboratories, including defence laboratories as well as universities and technical institutes. A suitable venture capital environment that includes incubation facilities can help a great deal in identifying and actualising some of this research into commercial production. The development of a proper venture capital industry, particularly in the Indian context, is needed if high quality public offerings (IPOs) are to be achieved. In the present situation, an individual investor becomes a venture capitalist of a sort by financing new enterprises and undertaking unknown risks. Investors also get enticed into public offerings of unproven and at times dubious quality. This situation can be corrected by venture-backed successful enterprises accessing the capital market. This will also protect smaller investors. Long-term Orientation: Analysing the history of venture capital industry, it can be said that there is generally a long-term orientation involved in venture capital. This obviously brings security to the entrepreneur and he gets an adequate opportunity to prove his worth. Thus, venture capital is valuable not just because it makes risk capital available in the early stages of a project, but also because a venture capitalist brings expertise that leads to superior product development. 4. ACTIVE REGULATIONS GOVERNING VENTURE CAPITAL Indias economy may be gaining in strength, but venture capital in the country is in need of a boost. With the right regulations and policy in place, venture capitalists could help the technology industry, among others, to take off even further. And now is the right time to implement an organised environment for investment in small enterprises.[6] The venture capital industry in India has been undergoing a downward trend for the past two years. In the current economic scenario in the country, it is imperative to promote innovation, enterprise and conversion of scientific technology and knowledge based business ideas into commercial activity. Venture capital caters to different areas of business such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and drugs, agriculture, food processing, telecommunications, services, etc. The inherent strength of India lies in its skilled and cost-competitive manpower. If adequate policy support is made available to Indian entrepreneurs, Indias current development can be sustained and it is sure to pace towards the targeted 8 per cent economic growth with ease. The current atmosphere is now ripe for creating the right regulatory and policy environment for sustaining the momentum for high technology entrepreneurship. It is high time that an organized environment is created for the venture capital industry in India. The government of India issued guidelines in September 1995 for overseas venture capital investment in India. There were three sets of regulations dealing with venture capital activity: SEBI (Venture Capital) Regulations 1996; Guidelines for Overseas Venture Capital Investments issued by Department of Economic Affairs in the Ministry of Finance in the year 1995; and CBDTs guidelines for venture capital companies issued in 1995, which were later modified in 1999. Hence, a need was felt for the consolidation of all these into one single set of regulations to provide for uniformity and remove any ambiguity in any interpretation. Thus, based on the recommendations of the KB Chandrasekhar Committee, SEBI was made the head-regulator for Venture Capital Funds (VCFs) that provides a uniform, single window regulatory framework. SEBI also notified regulations for foreign venture capital investors. These foreign venture capital investors (FVCIs) should also be registered with SEBI. To promote the venture capital industry in India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) set up an advisory committee on venture capital under the chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Lahiri, chief economic advisor, Ministry of Finance, government of India, for advising SEBI in matters relating to the development and regulation of venture capital funds in India. This committee removed some earlier restrictions and recommended measures like permitting venture capital funds to invest in real estate, removing lock-in period for shares of listed venture capital undertakings and reducing the proportion of funds raised that have to be invested in unlisted companies from 75 per cent to 66.67 per cent and so on. After the last amendment of SEBIs venture capital regulations in 2000, there were no major issues raised in the industry. Nevertheless, all regulations need to evolve to keep pace with the changing economic scenario, particularly in a dynamic industry such as venture capitalism. This committee, constituted for the said purpose, deliberated on various issues that are related to venture capital, broadly divided into three categories: operational, tax related, and foreign exchange related issues. Currently, VCFs and FVCIs registered with SEBI cannot invest more than 25 per cent of the funds in shares at the time of IPO or in debt or debt instruments of a company in which the VCF has already invested by way of equity. VCFs and FVCIs are subjected to a lock-in period of one year and cannot exit immediately on listing of the shares. This acts as a deterrent factor, as it does not give an opportunity to VCFs to acquire shares in companies in the focus areas of the fund, and obtain early liquidity and returns to investors in the VCFs. The committee recommended that the restriction relating to the lock-in period be removed. As per SEBI regulations, VCFs and FVCIs are required to invest at least 75 per cent of the investible funds in unlisted equity shares or equity linked instruments. This restricts the registered VCFs from investing in listed companies. It was recommended that this restriction should be reduced by bringing the amount to be invested in unlisted companies. The committee recommended a reduction on the minimum limit of investment in unlisted companies from 75 per cent to 66.67 per cent. The remaining 33.33 per cent (or less, depending on how much is invested in unlisted companies) may be invested in listed securities. The committee argues that because of the risky nature of investment in unlisted companies, as well as the time lag between investment and payback, this measure will help VC funds to protect their net asset value (NAV) during the initial period. SEBI regulations stipulate that the VCFs and FVCIs can invest 75 per cent of the investible funds in the form of equity or equity-linked instruments. Some portion of the investible funds is allowed to be invested in debt or debt-related instruments provided the VCF or FVCI has already invested in the venture capital undertaking by way of equity. The industry sought freedom to invest in instruments that give them flexibility to invest in some kind of hybrid instruments that are optionally convertible. Equity-linked instruments, by definition, should be compulsorily convertible into equity. This deprives the VCFs of any flexibility in future investment. Therefore, the Ashok Lahiri Committee recommended that some types of hybrid instruments, which are optionally convertible into equity, may be permitted for investment within the 66.67 per cent portion of the investible funds, allocated for investment in unlisted companies. Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are independent, stand-alone entities specifically set up for the purpose of a single transaction or project. Since the SPV has its own separate legal identity, it can raise capital in its name, own assets and create a charge over them. SPVs ensure that shareholders have a liability limited to the extent of their unpaid shares. This protects the shareholders from liabilities arising from the contracts entered into by the business earlier. There are instances in which VCFs and FVCIs need to resort to innovative financing structures by creating SPVs in the form of trusts or holding companies that will issue shares on the underlying business. The committee suggested some measures to facilitate the process of setting up SPVs and their operations. Currently, VCFs are not permitted to invest in the non-banking financial services sector. The committee recommended that given the risky nature of the business in this sector, VCFs may only be allowed to invest in NBFCs engaged in equipment leasing and hire purchase. The committee also recommended that real estate investments by VCFs and FCVIs be permitted. According to the current SEBI regulations, financing gold is not a permitted activity for VCFs and FCVIs. It has been recommended that this restriction on financing of gold be removed. At the same time, the restriction continues on financing for speculation in gold. Other Regulatory Issues The venture capital industry believed that SEBI registered VCFs should be permitted to invest up to a certain percentage of their corpus in overseas companies. This is expected to help the Indian VCFs to invest in offshore companies and also allows them to have global management exposure. The members of the committee resolved this issue by recommending that VCFs be allowed to invest in offshore VCUs. It was suggested that the RBI may periodically specify the overall limit for such investment, which may be monitored by the SEBI. The committee also recommended the appointment of a custodian by each FVCI to facilitate the maintenance of records and to ensure a smooth transition when the VCUs shares get listed. Furthermore, to faciltate the overall growth of the VC industry and ensure faster flow of venture capital funds into India, SEBI may from time to time expand the definition of Venture Capital Undertaking (VCU) suitably. The performance of VCFs is often judged based on their successful exit from the VCUs. These exit routes may take any of the following forms: initial public offer, merger or acquisition or a management buy-out. MA is the most common route. When a foreign company acquires a VCU, the consideration is paid through cash or through issuance of securities of the foreign company. The VCFs then realise cash by sale of such foreign securities. The committee felt that a clarification should be issued on the tax issues related to these exit routes through a Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) circular. Most of the FVCIs prefer to have a wholly owned subsidiary in India to act as an advisor and for carrying out various investment and post-investment activities. FVCIs opine that the activities carried out by these subsidiary companies do not require investment of any funds. But they are compelled to lock cash into their Indian advisory subsidiaries to meet the minimum capitalization requirement. It has been recommended that wholly owned Indian subsidiaries of FVCIs registered with SEBI may be exempted from the minimum capitalisation requirements. 5. CONCLUSION Venture capital can play a more innovation and development role in a developing country like India. It could help the rehabilitation of sick unit through people with ideas and turnaround management skill. A large number of small enterprises in India because sick unit even before the commencement of production of production. Venture capitalist could also be in line with the developments taking place in their parent companies. Yet another area where can play a significant role in developing countries is the service sector including tourism, publishing, healthcare etc. they could also provide financial assistance to people coming out of the universities, technical institutes etc. who wish to start their own venture with or without high-tech content, but involving high risk. This would encourage the entrepreneurial spirit. It is not only initial funding which is need from the venture capitalists, but the should also simultaneously provide management and marketing expertise-a real critical aspect of venture capitalists, but they also simultaneously provide management and marketing expertise-a real critical aspect of venture capital in developing countries. Which can improve their effectiveness by setting up venture capital cell in RD and other scientific generation, providing syndicated or consortium financing and acing as business incubators. Venture capital investments in India have fallen by 34 per cent in 2002 according to the Indian Venture Capital Association (IVCA). In 2001, the decline was 4.3 per cent. The decline in the industry is surprising, given that some big ticket VC deals have taken place in the country. Ironically, individual deals have grown exponentially, ranging between $10m and $100m per investment. The reasons that can be attributed to the current declining trend in the VC industry are: the nature of the VC activity and the so called third generation VC funds Infinity Ventures, Indian Direct Fund (IDF) and eVentures India have started cleaning out their portfolios through strategic sales. But 2004 is going to prove fruitful for the VC industry in India. This bright forecast came from the meeting of foreign venture capitalists in November 2003 in Hyderabad, at a global conference to explore the possibilities of financing new ventures in India. Several funds based in Europe and the US expressed their keen interest in investing in India either directly or by creating a separate India fund aimed at supporting start-ups. Silicon Valley Bank is planning to set up an office in India to support its clients willing to set up operations in India. VC firms are attracted by the stupendous performance of the country Asias third largest economy. According to the Indian Venture Capital Association, India received $550m in venture capital funding in 78 companies in 2002, second only to South Koreas $906m in Asia outside of Japan. Venture capital investments in the six months ending September 2003 are said to have touched $400m and are expected to touch $650m mark by the end of March 2004. India offers bright promises for ventures in areas such as IT and biotechnology. In a strategic review of the VC industry for 2004, the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) has observed that the Indian venture capital sector faces a challenging environment. The recommendations of the advisory group for foreign venture capital investors (FVCIs) are expected to improve the prospects of the industry and Indian entrepreneurs should be able to steer ahead in their ventures