An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling

An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling What is  Single-Stream  Recycling? Recycling is a process that converts waste into reusable material. For example, aluminum cans will be melted and then made into new cans and paper will be mixed with water to make pulp,   which then pressed into new sheets of paper. Single-stream recycling means that a consumer can put all types of recyclable goods-like aluminum cans, glass containers, paper, and plastic- into a single recycling bin and then a company receives the mixture of recyclable items and sorts it all out in a factory setting. The reason why people recycle is because they would like to contribute less waste to landfills. Larger landfills contribute to larger greenhouse gas emissions, which is known to wreak havoc on the earths atmosphere and health. How  Does  Residential  Single-Stream  Recycling Work? A resident will either purchase or be provided with a recycling bin-American recycling bins are typically green or blue-that will be kept in or right outside their household. The resident will fill the bin with all types of recyclable items including but not limited to paper, plastic, and metal, and glass-more specifics will be discussed shortly. That bin of recyclables will be emptied into a community dumpster or will be directly placed on the curb for a recycling company to pick up. This pick up of recyclables   typically happens on a weekly or biweekly basis. The recycling company will then dump all of the recyclables into a materials recovery facility (MRF) where they are will be sorted by machines and manpower [6]. The materials that can be salvaged are then collected by type (paper with paper, glass with glass, etc.) and shipped to various companies for them to repurpose and use for their own products. A Brief  Timeline  on the History  of Recycling 1897:  New York City creates one of the first MRFs in America. [12] 1965  to  1970:  The Mobius Loop is introduced as the symbol for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, by Gary Anderson. [12] 1974  University City, MO becomes one of the first municipalities in the country to offer curbside recycling to its residents. [12] 1988  The number of curbside recycling programs in the US increases to about 1,050. [12] 1990s  Communities in California were the first to use single- stream recycling in America. [11] 2000 The EPA confirms a link between global warming and waste, showing that recycling and reducing our garbage decreases greenhouse gas emissions. [12] 2005  About 20 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs use single-stream recycling. [10] 2010  About 64 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs used single-stream recycling. [10] 2011  America recycled about 87 million tons of material, more than 60 percent of Americans have access to curbside recycling. [10] 2015  About 22 percent of standard American county is complying with the standards to put right things in there. [1] Advantages For  the  Resident Decrease  sorting  efforts: Single-stream recycling versus multi-stream recycling means that the efforts for sorting recyclables are reducedall recyclables are allowed in a single recycling bin. This may make residents more likely to participate in recycling and may lead to more recyclables placed at the curb or in the community recycling dumpster/receptacle. [8] Clarity  of  destination: For residents participating in curb side pick- up, the recycling trucks will come by with distinguished signs labeling their truck as a recycling truck. The emphasis on clarity of which company is picking up their recyclables, will ensure the residents that their recyclables are being sent to a MRF and not a landfill [8]. For  the  Participating  Communities Decrease  waste  management  costs: For any given city, labor costs and tipping fees for garbage management will decrease as the amount of recycling increases. This means that an average American single- stream recycling system that costs $200,000 per year should be breaking even by 2019 [4]. Recycling costs a city $39 per ton, versus $49 for garbage. Also, single-compartment trucks cost less to purchase and operate versus multi-compartment trucks used for multi-stream recycling systems. This will also contribute to a reduced collection cost. Increase  efficiency: Single-compartment trucks are able to use automated collection routines, which leads to collection routes being serviced more efficiently [8]. Safer  conditions  for  workers: The workers for the recycling companies may see a decrease in the amount of work-related injuries. Recycling bins for single-stream recycling are commonly in the form of wheeled carts. Multi-stream bins were typically not wheeled which makes workers prone to injuring their backs when they pick up and carry numerous bins [8]. For the Environment Increase  land fill  life: Recycling in general will extend the life of a landfill because, with less waste in the garbage bin and more materials in the recycling bin, the landfill wont fill up so quickly with waste, thus extending its life [4]. Recycle  more  materials: As research continues, single-stream recycling may make way for an opportunity to add new materials to the list of recyclables accepted. Also, with a single-stream sorting system, more grades of paper may be collected than ever before [8]. An increase is the amount of recycled materials will positively impact the environment. Disadvantages For  the  Participating  Companies Increase  in  taxes: A resident who lives in a location that has a single-stream recycling program is most likely going topay local taxes for the program. These taxes are subject increase becuase Residents who participate in single- stream For the Environment Contaminated  material  to  landfills: Due to the nature of single-stream recycling, different materials will cross-contaminate other materials. A typical, new single- stream program endures contamination in about 40 percent of its loads [4]. These contaminated parts of the load will be sent to the landfill. Mixing all materials together is convenient, but leads to wet paper and bits of broken glass that cant be sorted. About a quarter of single-stream recycling goes to the dump because of contamination [6]. Lower  quality  of  products: Susan Collins, director of the Container Recycling Institutea nonprofit research and advocacy group, says in terms of preserving the quality of materials so that the maximum materials collected can actually be recycled, single-stream is one of the worst options [6]. The purpose of recycling is so that materials can be repurposed and reused. If the MRFs are supplying poor-quality raw material to companies, they are costing those companies a loss in quality of their goods as well. What You Can and Cant Recycle You should only recycle paper, cardboard, commingled containers, plastic bottles, tubs, jugs, and jars. Figure 2 offers some visual aids on what typical household recyclable goods look like. The  Big  DO  NOTS  of  Single-Stream  Recycling Do not recycle any container that has previously held oil because it is very likely to contaminate other items you place in your recycling bin [3]. Do not bag any items to be recycled-they should all be loosely placed into your recycling receptacle. Bagging items are very likely to be discarded during the recycling process and send to the landfill. Do not recycle plastic bags by themselves either because they can bind up the sorting machines gears and cause damage. Do not recycle Styrofoam or shredded paper. Excluding cardboard, make sure all commingled containers, bottles, jugs, and jars, are not flattened. Ball up on aluminum foil you recycle so that the sorting machines dont mistake it as a sheet of paper. Any material that was in contact with food or other messy substances should be emptied and rinsed out thoroughly.

Bmw Research Paper Essay

BMW is enhancing the travel experience for drivers and passengers while also launching a series of new platforms The BMW Group – one of Germany’s largest industrial companies – is also one of the most successful car and motorcycle manufacturers in the world and 2011 was its best year to date. With almost 1.7 million vehicles sold, the BMW Group is the world’s leading premium manufacturer in terms of sales volume. Its three automobile brands, BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce, and the BMW and Husqvarna motorcycles brands led to record sales of â‚ ¬68.8bn. During 2011, the company introduced five new BMW models across the 1,3,5 and 6 series as well as the Mini Coupe and the Rolls-Royce 102EX, the first electric vehicle in the ultra-luxury segment. In addition, the company also launched a new sub brand – BMW i – that includes the i3 all-electric and i8 plug-in hybrid concept cars due for launch in 2013. However, as well as selling more products than ever and expanding production capacity, especially for the all-important China market, the company also kicked off a number of strategic partnerships for the future. These included the start of the BMW Peugeot Citroà «n Electrification joint venture, the acquisition of a strategic investment in SGL Carbon SE and the cooperation with Toyota Motor Corporation in basic research for battery cell technology. Although a significant manufacturer, BMW is not part of a larger company like its main competitor Audi. As BMW invests heavily in innovation to continue to produce the ultimate driving experience, keeping its power options open is key, so as the shift towards electric continues to gather speed these development partnerships are vital elements in the company’s growth strategy.

Ruthless Truman Show Essay Topics Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Truman Show Essay Topics Strategies Exploited the Truman Show Essay Topics at a Glance He's had a severe drug addiction for many decades. Truman's full world is a falsity, it's. This false reality or dishonesty because you may call it's keeping Truman from realizing what's truly happening. This is a significant relationship since it really shows how fake Truman's world actually is. Because the set is an enormous island, Christopher set this up so that Truman will never be in a position to leave due to his fear of plain water. Weir felt Carrey was ideal for the role and opted to wait around for a different year as opposed to recast the position. the Truman Show Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Truman fits in the ideas of the urge to learn as he seeks to earn a genuine discovery about his life. Without her Truman would not have any urge to find out more regarding his surroundings, and he'd indefinitely be entrapped in his phony world for the rest of his life. The producers also print and broadcast messages of the risks of travelling merely to keep Truman in Seahaven for the remainder of his life. The desire to produce new discoveries about the world gives him more courage and he's in a position to brave the waters that was considered dangerous for use even as a way of transport. Some days you find these false realities taking so much power they just turn into a method of life. All you really can tell someone about the ability of these false perceptions is excellent luck to you! I am unable to say that the world is wholly separate from me. To summarize, via the finished scene, which is regarded as a turning point because of its exposure of an authentic system of a reality show to be able to demonstrate that reality TV shows can only manipulate those which belong to it. The Truman Show is a culmination and a perfect illustration of art work that could be employed to explain what's happening in the media around the world in the 21 centu ry. This synonymous relationship is vital to the movie since it enables the audience understand on a more compact scale how mistreated Truman is a critical part of the movie's theme. The world doesn't exist independently of consciousness I have, it's about the realization I take. Truman might have to go from believing the world is a happy and scheduled location, to a world full of complete and udder chaos. It's a reality that we aren't conscious of and we can't escape. The whole show is directed and made by the inventor of the show, Christof. the Truman Show Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! The quality is quite good as they are not re-encoded. Alongside her role was the value of being up-to-date on all the most recent products. It's built with an aid of contemporary technology and is complex. They have adequate understanding of the whole happenings, but they don't take effective attention to make sure he is saved from the control which he was subjected to. The Good , the Bad and the Truman Show Essay Topics This success is accomplished by satirical means of an exaggerated situation together with humour in the true screenplay. This is important so the participant doesn't feel pressured to remain in the experiment should they change their mind and decide they don't need to participate any more. The movie effectively used camera methods and unique effects to improve the notion that an authentic life with risks of pain and suffering is much better than one of safe imprisonment. This is among the most original concepts you will come across and shouldn't be missed. Meursault faced plenty of things like an existentialist. Dewey emphasizes that, in the conventional setting of learning, teachers set the majority of the conventions and don't take under consideration experiential learning among students. He also emphasizes that the desire to learn is determined by the progress of students to different levels of study. This is an entire invasion of privacy that he did not have any knowledge to provide consent in the very first place. Today in the lack of full, timely and accurate info, choice wouldn't exist. The Right to Withdraw ensures that the participant knows that they're totally free to withdraw from the analysis at any moment. Be certain to include your complete name on every page of your submission.

Understanding Venture Capital In A Country Like India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3448 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION Starting an enterprise is never easy. There are a number of parameters that contribute to its success or downfall. Experience, integrity, prudence and a clear understanding of the market are among the most sought after qualities of an entrepreneur. However, there are other factors, which lie beyond the control of the entrepreneur. Prominent among these is the timely infusion of funds. This is where the concept of venture capital comes in. 2. VENTURE CAPITAL BRIEFING THE HISTORY AND THE CONCEPT Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Understanding Venture Capital In A Country Like India Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 2.1 Venture Capital: A Brief Elucidation of the Meaning It is in fact nearly impossible to come across one single definition of the concept. However, for the study, the definition provided by the National Venture Capital Association can be adopted. The National Venture Capital Association defines venture capital as, Money provided by professionals who invest alongside management in young, rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors.[1] It can be mentioned that venture capital has developed as a result of the need to provide a risky finance to new ventures based on a promising and innovative entrepreneurship. Venture capital means risk capital. It refers to capital investment, both equity and debt, which carries substantial risk and uncertainties. It is said that while the risk envisaged in such venture capital may be very high, which may even result in total loss, the returns or gains also may be very big. 2.2 History of Venture Capital: A Brief Perusal In the absence of an organised venture capital industry until almost 1998 in India, individual investors and development financial institutions have played the role of venture capitalists. Entrepreneurs have largely depended upon private placements, public offerings and lending by financial institutions.[2] In 1973, a committee on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises highlighted the need to foster venture capital as a source of funding for new entrepreneurs and technology. Thereafter, some public sector funds were established but the activity of venture capital did not gather momentum as the thrust was on high-technology projects funded on a purely financial rather than a holistic basis. Later, a study was undertaken by the World Bank to examine the possibility of developing venture capital in the private sector, based on which the Indian government took a policy initiative and announced guidelines for venture capital funds (VCFs) in 1988. However, these guidelines restricted the setting up of VCFs to the banks or the financial institutions only. Internationally, the trend favoured venture capital being supplied by smaller-scale, entrepreneurial venture financiers willing to take a high risk in the expectation of high returns, a trend that has continued in this decade. In September 1995 the Indian government issued guidelines for overseas investments in venture capital in India. For tax exemption purposes, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)issued guidelines. The flow of investments and foreign currency in and out of India has been governed by the Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) requirements. Furthermore, as part of its mandate to regulate and to develop the Indian capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) framed the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996. Pursuant to this regulatory framework some domestic VCFs were registered with SEBI. Some overseas investment also came through the Mauritius route. However, the venture capital industry is still in a nascent stage in India.[3] At the same time, due to economic liberalisation and an increasingly global outlook in India, there is an increased awareness and interest of domestic as well as foreign investors in venture capital. Institutional interest is growing and foreign venture investments are also on the rise. Given the proper environment and policy support, there is undoubtedly a tremendous potential for venture capital activity in India.[4] In the year 1988 the Finance Minister formally introduced the venture capital industry in his budget speech. In this direction the venture capital fund was created to be managed by IDBI in order to provide financial assistance to industrial concerns looking for commercial applications of indigenous technologies. Over the decades many Developmental Finance Institutions such as Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), and Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd (IFCI) etc have been providing financial assistance but due to their core business of lending they were denied permission for VC investing as their key business. Later on most of them have incorporated a new entity exclusively for venture capital financing. IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd. was originally set up by IFCI by the name of Risk Capital Foundation (RCF) in 1975 to provide institutional support to first generation professionals. But in 1988, RCF was c onverted into a company, Risk Capital and Technology Finance Corporation Ltd. (RCTC), and it also introduced the Technology Finance and Development Scheme for commercialization of home-grown technology. Hence, to make the changes in the companys activities evident, the name was changed to IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd in February 2000. Again ICICI incorporated ICICI Ventures in 1988, and is the largest venture fund management company in India with aggregate funds currently under management in excess of Rs.20 billion. 3. THE ROLE OF VENTURE CAPITAL IN PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF CAPITAL MARKET Venture capital is very different from traditional sources of financing. Venture capitalists finance innovation and ideas, which have a potential for high growth but with inherent uncertainties. This makes it a high-risk, high-return investment.[5] Apart from finance, venture capitalists provide networking, management and marketing support as well. In the broadest sense, therefore, venture capital connotes human as well as financial capital. In the global venture capital industry, investors and investee firms work together closely in an enabling environment that allows entrepreneurs to focus on value creating ideas. Venture capitalists, meanwhile, drive the industry through ownership of the levers of control in return for the provision of capital, skills, information and complementary resources. This very blend of risk financing and handholding of entrepreneurs by venture capitalists creates an environment particularly suitable for knowledge and technology-based enterprises. Scientific, technological and knowledge-based ideas, properly supported by venture capital, can be propelled into a powerful engine of economic growth and wealth creation in a sustainable manner. In various developed and developing economies, venture capital has played a significant developmental role. India, along with Israel, Taiwan and the US, is recognised for its globally competitive high technology and human capital. Indias recent success story in software and IT is almost a fairy tale when considering obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure, expensive hardware, restricted access to foreign skills and capital, and limited domestic demand. It also indicates the potential India has in terms of knowledge and technology-based industry. It can be said that India is still at a level where it has an adequate amount of knowledge in many sectors. However, given the limited infrastructure, low foreign investment and other transitional problems in India, it certainly needs policy support to move to the stage of development of ideas, and towards innovation and product development by using this knowledge. This is crucial for sustainable growth and for maintaining Indias competitive edge. This will take capital and other support, which can be provided by venture capitalists. Also, India has a vast pool of existing and on-going scientific and technical research carried out by a large number of research laboratories, including defence laboratories as well as universities and technical institutes. A suitable venture capital environment that includes incubation facilities can help a great deal in identifying and actualising some of this research into commercial production. The development of a proper venture capital industry, particularly in the Indian context, is needed if high quality public offerings (IPOs) are to be achieved. In the present situation, an individual investor becomes a venture capitalist of a sort by financing new enterprises and undertaking unknown risks. Investors also get enticed into public offerings of unproven and at times dubious quality. This situation can be corrected by venture-backed successful enterprises accessing the capital market. This will also protect smaller investors. Long-term Orientation: Analysing the history of venture capital industry, it can be said that there is generally a long-term orientation involved in venture capital. This obviously brings security to the entrepreneur and he gets an adequate opportunity to prove his worth. Thus, venture capital is valuable not just because it makes risk capital available in the early stages of a project, but also because a venture capitalist brings expertise that leads to superior product development. 4. ACTIVE REGULATIONS GOVERNING VENTURE CAPITAL Indias economy may be gaining in strength, but venture capital in the country is in need of a boost. With the right regulations and policy in place, venture capitalists could help the technology industry, among others, to take off even further. And now is the right time to implement an organised environment for investment in small enterprises.[6] The venture capital industry in India has been undergoing a downward trend for the past two years. In the current economic scenario in the country, it is imperative to promote innovation, enterprise and conversion of scientific technology and knowledge based business ideas into commercial activity. Venture capital caters to different areas of business such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and drugs, agriculture, food processing, telecommunications, services, etc. The inherent strength of India lies in its skilled and cost-competitive manpower. If adequate policy support is made available to Indian entrepreneurs, Indias current development can be sustained and it is sure to pace towards the targeted 8 per cent economic growth with ease. The current atmosphere is now ripe for creating the right regulatory and policy environment for sustaining the momentum for high technology entrepreneurship. It is high time that an organized environment is created for the venture capital industry in India. The government of India issued guidelines in September 1995 for overseas venture capital investment in India. There were three sets of regulations dealing with venture capital activity: SEBI (Venture Capital) Regulations 1996; Guidelines for Overseas Venture Capital Investments issued by Department of Economic Affairs in the Ministry of Finance in the year 1995; and CBDTs guidelines for venture capital companies issued in 1995, which were later modified in 1999. Hence, a need was felt for the consolidation of all these into one single set of regulations to provide for uniformity and remove any ambiguity in any interpretation. Thus, based on the recommendations of the KB Chandrasekhar Committee, SEBI was made the head-regulator for Venture Capital Funds (VCFs) that provides a uniform, single window regulatory framework. SEBI also notified regulations for foreign venture capital investors. These foreign venture capital investors (FVCIs) should also be registered with SEBI. To promote the venture capital industry in India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) set up an advisory committee on venture capital under the chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Lahiri, chief economic advisor, Ministry of Finance, government of India, for advising SEBI in matters relating to the development and regulation of venture capital funds in India. This committee removed some earlier restrictions and recommended measures like permitting venture capital funds to invest in real estate, removing lock-in period for shares of listed venture capital undertakings and reducing the proportion of funds raised that have to be invested in unlisted companies from 75 per cent to 66.67 per cent and so on. After the last amendment of SEBIs venture capital regulations in 2000, there were no major issues raised in the industry. Nevertheless, all regulations need to evolve to keep pace with the changing economic scenario, particularly in a dynamic industry such as venture capitalism. This committee, constituted for the said purpose, deliberated on various issues that are related to venture capital, broadly divided into three categories: operational, tax related, and foreign exchange related issues. Currently, VCFs and FVCIs registered with SEBI cannot invest more than 25 per cent of the funds in shares at the time of IPO or in debt or debt instruments of a company in which the VCF has already invested by way of equity. VCFs and FVCIs are subjected to a lock-in period of one year and cannot exit immediately on listing of the shares. This acts as a deterrent factor, as it does not give an opportunity to VCFs to acquire shares in companies in the focus areas of the fund, and obtain early liquidity and returns to investors in the VCFs. The committee recommended that the restriction relating to the lock-in period be removed. As per SEBI regulations, VCFs and FVCIs are required to invest at least 75 per cent of the investible funds in unlisted equity shares or equity linked instruments. This restricts the registered VCFs from investing in listed companies. It was recommended that this restriction should be reduced by bringing the amount to be invested in unlisted companies. The committee recommended a reduction on the minimum limit of investment in unlisted companies from 75 per cent to 66.67 per cent. The remaining 33.33 per cent (or less, depending on how much is invested in unlisted companies) may be invested in listed securities. The committee argues that because of the risky nature of investment in unlisted companies, as well as the time lag between investment and payback, this measure will help VC funds to protect their net asset value (NAV) during the initial period. SEBI regulations stipulate that the VCFs and FVCIs can invest 75 per cent of the investible funds in the form of equity or equity-linked instruments. Some portion of the investible funds is allowed to be invested in debt or debt-related instruments provided the VCF or FVCI has already invested in the venture capital undertaking by way of equity. The industry sought freedom to invest in instruments that give them flexibility to invest in some kind of hybrid instruments that are optionally convertible. Equity-linked instruments, by definition, should be compulsorily convertible into equity. This deprives the VCFs of any flexibility in future investment. Therefore, the Ashok Lahiri Committee recommended that some types of hybrid instruments, which are optionally convertible into equity, may be permitted for investment within the 66.67 per cent portion of the investible funds, allocated for investment in unlisted companies. Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are independent, stand-alone entities specifically set up for the purpose of a single transaction or project. Since the SPV has its own separate legal identity, it can raise capital in its name, own assets and create a charge over them. SPVs ensure that shareholders have a liability limited to the extent of their unpaid shares. This protects the shareholders from liabilities arising from the contracts entered into by the business earlier. There are instances in which VCFs and FVCIs need to resort to innovative financing structures by creating SPVs in the form of trusts or holding companies that will issue shares on the underlying business. The committee suggested some measures to facilitate the process of setting up SPVs and their operations. Currently, VCFs are not permitted to invest in the non-banking financial services sector. The committee recommended that given the risky nature of the business in this sector, VCFs may only be allowed to invest in NBFCs engaged in equipment leasing and hire purchase. The committee also recommended that real estate investments by VCFs and FCVIs be permitted. According to the current SEBI regulations, financing gold is not a permitted activity for VCFs and FCVIs. It has been recommended that this restriction on financing of gold be removed. At the same time, the restriction continues on financing for speculation in gold. Other Regulatory Issues The venture capital industry believed that SEBI registered VCFs should be permitted to invest up to a certain percentage of their corpus in overseas companies. This is expected to help the Indian VCFs to invest in offshore companies and also allows them to have global management exposure. The members of the committee resolved this issue by recommending that VCFs be allowed to invest in offshore VCUs. It was suggested that the RBI may periodically specify the overall limit for such investment, which may be monitored by the SEBI. The committee also recommended the appointment of a custodian by each FVCI to facilitate the maintenance of records and to ensure a smooth transition when the VCUs shares get listed. Furthermore, to faciltate the overall growth of the VC industry and ensure faster flow of venture capital funds into India, SEBI may from time to time expand the definition of Venture Capital Undertaking (VCU) suitably. The performance of VCFs is often judged based on their successful exit from the VCUs. These exit routes may take any of the following forms: initial public offer, merger or acquisition or a management buy-out. MA is the most common route. When a foreign company acquires a VCU, the consideration is paid through cash or through issuance of securities of the foreign company. The VCFs then realise cash by sale of such foreign securities. The committee felt that a clarification should be issued on the tax issues related to these exit routes through a Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) circular. Most of the FVCIs prefer to have a wholly owned subsidiary in India to act as an advisor and for carrying out various investment and post-investment activities. FVCIs opine that the activities carried out by these subsidiary companies do not require investment of any funds. But they are compelled to lock cash into their Indian advisory subsidiaries to meet the minimum capitalization requirement. It has been recommended that wholly owned Indian subsidiaries of FVCIs registered with SEBI may be exempted from the minimum capitalisation requirements. 5. CONCLUSION Venture capital can play a more innovation and development role in a developing country like India. It could help the rehabilitation of sick unit through people with ideas and turnaround management skill. A large number of small enterprises in India because sick unit even before the commencement of production of production. Venture capitalist could also be in line with the developments taking place in their parent companies. Yet another area where can play a significant role in developing countries is the service sector including tourism, publishing, healthcare etc. they could also provide financial assistance to people coming out of the universities, technical institutes etc. who wish to start their own venture with or without high-tech content, but involving high risk. This would encourage the entrepreneurial spirit. It is not only initial funding which is need from the venture capitalists, but the should also simultaneously provide management and marketing expertise-a real critical aspect of venture capitalists, but they also simultaneously provide management and marketing expertise-a real critical aspect of venture capital in developing countries. Which can improve their effectiveness by setting up venture capital cell in RD and other scientific generation, providing syndicated or consortium financing and acing as business incubators. Venture capital investments in India have fallen by 34 per cent in 2002 according to the Indian Venture Capital Association (IVCA). In 2001, the decline was 4.3 per cent. The decline in the industry is surprising, given that some big ticket VC deals have taken place in the country. Ironically, individual deals have grown exponentially, ranging between $10m and $100m per investment. The reasons that can be attributed to the current declining trend in the VC industry are: the nature of the VC activity and the so called third generation VC funds Infinity Ventures, Indian Direct Fund (IDF) and eVentures India have started cleaning out their portfolios through strategic sales. But 2004 is going to prove fruitful for the VC industry in India. This bright forecast came from the meeting of foreign venture capitalists in November 2003 in Hyderabad, at a global conference to explore the possibilities of financing new ventures in India. Several funds based in Europe and the US expressed their keen interest in investing in India either directly or by creating a separate India fund aimed at supporting start-ups. Silicon Valley Bank is planning to set up an office in India to support its clients willing to set up operations in India. VC firms are attracted by the stupendous performance of the country Asias third largest economy. According to the Indian Venture Capital Association, India received $550m in venture capital funding in 78 companies in 2002, second only to South Koreas $906m in Asia outside of Japan. Venture capital investments in the six months ending September 2003 are said to have touched $400m and are expected to touch $650m mark by the end of March 2004. India offers bright promises for ventures in areas such as IT and biotechnology. In a strategic review of the VC industry for 2004, the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) has observed that the Indian venture capital sector faces a challenging environment. The recommendations of the advisory group for foreign venture capital investors (FVCIs) are expected to improve the prospects of the industry and Indian entrepreneurs should be able to steer ahead in their ventures

The City Of The Nairobi Airport - 1201 Words

The Dreamliner descended through the inky black night into Nairobi. The darkness was broken by the lights of the city and airfield. Touching down around 9:30 local time, I climbed wearily down the stairs and saw my first sight of Africa, the Nairobi airport. It didn’t look especially impressive and I only wanted to sleep because my body ached in a way that only eight hours in an airplane can do. My family was taken to customs; two hours later, we emerged, glad that we had hurdled our first obstacle. After, finding our driver, we had a 45 minute tour on the way to our tent camp. Seeing Africa at around midnight seemed to reinforce some stereotypes and dispel others. Nairobi looked fairly modernized, I saw billboards for cell phones above†¦show more content†¦In addition, the malls, large houses and other businesses all had security guards. They could be picked out at a distance from their navy blue blazers that they wore. In the proportion to the police, there seemed to be far greater numbers of security guards. Two days later, we drove for six hours into Tanzania. The scenery we passes could have come from any Western. The hills were covered in scrub bush and trees were rare. African cattle herds grazed in the hills. The distance was broken by towns that were few and far between. Along the road lay the businesses. Many of the shops had advertisements on them; here, Coke was easily beating Pepsi. Along with numerous Coke advertisements were ones for local cell phone carriers. Martian red was the predominant colour of the brick businesses and between the shops and road lay a three foot deep, uncovered, slabbed storm ditch that looked like it could eat our safari truck. At the border station, we showed our passports in the hot and dusty room and then resumed our trip. Our guide pointed out Mount Kilimanjaro, partially hidden by low wispy clouds that shrouded the its snow topped peak. 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Comparison of Healthcare Policies between France and the US Free Essays

string(144) " in the US or are earning more than the Medicaid limit are allowed federal subsidy when purchasing state-based health insurances \(CDC, 2011\)\." Introduction This essay aims to critically discuss social policies on healthcare between France and the US. Similarities and differences on the social policies of these two countries will be discussed. The first part of this essay aims to explore how public funding for healthcare services in both countries address health inequalities. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Healthcare Policies between France and the US or any similar topic only for you Order Now A critical discussion on healthcare services available in both countries and the extent to which universal access to healthcare services is practiced shall also be made. The second part presents the challenges that both countries face in addressing healthcare issues. Healthcare policies that address these issues will also be critically appraised. The third part provides an analysis on whether France and USA are ‘converging’ or following ‘path dependence’ on their healthcare policies. A brief conclusion summarising key points raised in this essay will be presented in the end. Healthcare Services and Public Spending for Healthcare The healthcare system in France is described as a mix of private and public insurers and providers (Cases, 2006). This means that almost the whole population is covered by public insurance, which in turn are funded by employers and employees. In addition to public health insurance, a minority also purchases private insurance to complement existing public health insurances. Private providers support outpatient care while public providers provide inpatient care in hospital settings (Cases, 2006). France enjoys relatively good health compared to the US. The Organisation for Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2013) Health Statistics in 2013 reveals that life expectancy in France is high at 82.2 and is currently ranked third amongst OECD countries. In contrast, life expectancy in the US is amongst the lowest at 78.7 (OECD, 2013). The difference in life expectancy in both countries is a cause of concern since the US has one of the most expensive healthcare systems in the OECD and yet fares worse in health outcomes, including life expectancy(Baldock, 2011). The OECD (2013) notes that compared to France and other large OECD countries, the US spends twice as much per individual on healthcare. Interestingly, public health expenditure for health is highest in the US compared to all OECD countries. However, it does not practice universal healthcare coverage with the public supporting only 32% of the total healthcare cost (OECD, 2011). Individuals eligible for Medicaid include the elderly, families with small children and those with disabilities (Rosenbaum, 2011). Approximately 53% of the US population is covered through the Patient Protection and Affordable Act or Obamacare (Rosenbaum, 2011). Under this Act, employers are required to purchase health insurances for their employees. Only a small portion of businesses pays for full coverage with majority requiring their employees to share in the cost of their health insurances (Rosenbaum, 2011). The OECD (2009a) states that 46 million people in the US are left without public or private health insurance. This could place a significant burden to the US healthcare system that is struggling in providing equitable access to healthcare services in the country. The World Health Organization (2014) explains that equitable access is achieved when individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status, enjoy the same type and quality of healthcare. This is not achieved in the US where statistics (OECD, 2009a) continues to show that high-income groups enjoy better health and appropriately covered by healthcare insurances while those in the lower socioeconomic status continue to have poorer health status. This disparity in health status and healthcare insurance coverage continues to be a challenge in the US. Public spending per capita in the US continues to be the highest in the OECD countries even with the increased participation of the private sector in financing healthcare in the country (OECD, 2013). In recent years, the OECD (2013) observes that public spending across OECD countries continue to decline. On average, healthcare spending of these countries only grew by 0.2% in the last 4 years. While there is a variation on the decrease of public spending, the major reason for the slowdown is due to drastic cuts in health expenditures. In France, the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) currently covers almost all residents. Until 2000, SHI covered 100% of all residents (Franc and Polton, 2006). Today, almost all of the residents are still covered under SHI. However, a few have purchased private health insurances to complement SHI. Public spending for healthcare is 77.9% while France spends 11.9% of its GDP in healthcare (OECD, 2011). This is in contrast with the US where public spending for healthcare accounts to only 47.7% but spends 17.9% of its GDP on healthcare (OECD, 2011). Interestingly, SHI covers both legal and illegal residents in France. This is opposite in the US where illegal residents are not covered by publicly funded healthcare insurance. There are approximately 21 million immigrants in the US with most having an illegal resident status (Moody, 2011). Health coverage remains to be a concern for this group since they work on jobs that pay very low wages and with no healthcare coverage. Hence, this group is three times more likely to have no healthcare coverage (Stanton, 2006). Currently, this group comprises 20% of the total uninsured population in the US (Moo dy, 2011). The lack of universal coverage in the US suggests that healthcare policies in the US may not be inclusive as opposed to France where almost all residents have private or public health insurance coverage. Rosenbaum (2011) explains that the Patient Protection and Affordable Act or Obamacare is expected to boost healthcare coverage for legal immigrants who are in low paying jobs. However, only legal immigrants who have been in the US for at least five years could qualify for Medicaid or purchase state-based health insurances. Currently, all states in the US have expanded Medicaid coverage to low-income groups. Specifically, a family of four with a combined annual income of $33,000.00 and an individual with $15,800.00 yearly income are now eligible for Medicaid. This legislation provides health coverage to approximately 57% of the uninsured population in the US (CDC, 2011). For legal immigrants who have not reached five years of stay in the US or are earning more than the Medicaid limit are allowed federal subsidy when purchasing state-based health insurances (CDC, 2011). You read "Comparison of Healthcare Policies between France and the US" in category "Essay examples" As opposed to France where illegal immigrants enjoy the same healthcare coverage as legal immigrants and citizens, those in the US on illegal status remain uninsured and could not purchase state-based health insurances (CDC, 2011). Healthcare access for this group is limited to community health centres across the country. It is noteworthy that only 8,500 community health centres are in existence today and yet they cater to at least 22 million people each year (CDC, 2011). Almost half of those who access primary health centres are the uninsured. While hospitals are required by law to provide emergency care for all individuals regardless of their resident status, those who are uninsured do not have health coverage to sustain their long-term healthcare needs (Rosenbaum, 2011). Current healthcare policies in the US might actually promote health inequality since it only provides primary basic healthcare services (CDC, 2011) to the marginalised group, which may include low-income and ethni c groups. In France, The Bismarckian approach to healthcare has been used for several decades but in recent years, there is now an adoption of the Beveridge approach (Chevreul et al., 2010). In the former, health coverage tends to be uniform and concentrated while in the latter, the single public payer model is promoted. In the Bismarckian approach, everyone should be given the same access to healthcare services while the Beveridge model allows for stronger state intervention (Chevreul et al., 2010). This also suggests that tax-based revenues are used to finance healthcare. The mix of both models is necessary to respond to the increasing demands for healthcare in the country and to regulate the increasing cost of healthcare. Chevreul et al. (2010) emphasise that the SHI is now experiencing deficit due to increasing rise of healthcare expenditure in the country. The French parliament, through the Ministry of Health regulates expenditure by enacting laws and regulations. Importantly, France regulates prices of specific medical procedures and drugs (Chevreul and Durand-Zaleski, 2009). This development is crucial since failure to regulate prices could further drive up healthcare costs. However, regulation of prices of medical devices remains to be poor. In a survey (OECD, 2009b), expenditures for medical devices is high and amounts to ˆ19 billion annually. Although it comprises 55% of the pharmaceutical market, increased demand for medical devices have also increased SHI expenditures on these devices (Cases and Le Fur, 2008). It should be noted that only 60% of the medical devices are covered by SHI (Cases and Le Fur, 2008). Regulation of the prices of these medical devices is not as strong as the market for drugs and other major medical equipment. This implies that increasing healthcare costs of medical devices could have an impact on publ ic health spending policies in France. Healthcare Issues and Challenges One of the major issues in both countries is the rising healthcare expenditure. As noted by the OECD (2013), there is a disparity between healthcare expenditure and rising healthcare costs in OECD countries. The average increase in healthcare expenditure only amounts to 0.2% and yet healthcare cost continues to rise. In France, this disparity has promoted the Ministry of Health to increase private insurance of its members to help cover healthcare services not normally covered by the SHI. In the US, the debate on Obamacare and the reluctance of the government to cover illegal residents continue to be a challenge in providing equitable healthcare Meanwhile, high costs of medicines could have an impact on healthcare, especially amongst those who are covered by Medicaid and those who could barely afford state-subsidised healthcare insurances (Moody, 2011). This is in contrast to France where cost containment is in place for medicines. To illustrate the lack of healthcare costs regulations, the US spends more on developing medical technologies, which only benefits a few of the patients. The country is also burdened with high administration and pharmaceutical costs. Doctors in the country are also amongst the highest paid in the OECD countries (Greve, 2013). Moody (2011) argues that cost containment remains to be a problem since lowering down prices of medicines or healthcare costs for beneficiaries of Medicaid would lead to doctors’ reluctance to treat Medicaid patients. The lack of priorities in healthcare spending in the US has resulted in higher spending on certain areas and low spending on others. However, this does not translate to better health outcomes for the whole population. Elderly care is one area where there is high spending but the amount of spending does not necessarily translate to better health outcomes. As noted by Haplin et al. (2010), the elderly are more vulnerable to chronic healthcare conditions, such as dementia, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes. Hence, healthcare costs for this group are relatively higher compared to other members in a community. In a report published by Stanton (2006), approximately 40% of US healthcare expenditure is devoted to elderly care, but this group only comprises 13% of country’s population. It is projected that in the succeeding years, healthcare cost for this group will continue to rise with the ageing of the US population (Stanton, 2006). The same issue is also seen in France, where increasing healthcare cost for the elderly is also expected in the succeeding years (Franc and Polton, 2006). Both countries also lack coordination of care and gatekeeping for the elderly. Although there is an emphasis on elderly care in both countries, lack of continuity of care often leads to poor quality care, duplication of healthcare, waste and over-prescription (Franc and Polton, 2006; Evans and Docteur and Oxley, 2003; Stoddard, 2003). In France, this issue was first addressed through the creation of provider networks and increasing the gate-keeping roles of the general practitioners (GPs). However, the latter was largely unsuccessfully and finally abolished with the introduction of the 2004 Health Insurance Act (Franc and Polton, 2006). In this new legislation, patients have the freedom to choose their own healthcare providers or primary point of contact. Most of the primary points of contact are GPs. This scheme is successful in F rance due to incentives offered to the patients and GPs. This scheme has been suggested to improve the quality of care received by the patients since there is more coordination of care between GPs and specialists (Naiditch and Dourgnon, 2009). This scheme also drives up the cost of visits to specialists and could have influence healthcare financing policies (De Looper and La Fortune, 2009; Naiditch and Dourgnon, 2009). Another issue common to both countries is the competition between hospitals for patients who can afford private healthcare. Consumer demands for healthcare in the US have increased. Hospitals respond by increasing their services to separate them from their competitors (Moody, 2011). For instance, by-products of this competition results to increasing the size of the patient rooms and providing in-house services such as full kitchens, family lounges and business service. All these have not been related to improved health outcomes of the patients. In France, the differences in healthcare costs between publicly funded hospitals and private for-profit hospitals spark a debate on whether common tariffs are the solution to cost containment (Chevreul et al., 2010). Despite the implementation of common tariffs, there is still a growing difference on the healthcare costs between the private and public sectors. Currently, the reform plan Hospital 2007 (Chevreul et al., 2010) states that the obj ective of introducing a common tariff for public and private hospitals has been withheld until 2018. This shows that healthcare policies respond to current trends in health provision in France. ‘Convergence’ and ‘Path Dependence’ Starke et al. (2008) explain that history and institutional context all play a role in influencing healthcare policies in a welfare state. Healthcare policies that tend to be resistant to change illustrate institutionalist or ‘path dependence.’In the event where changes are needed, those that follow ‘path dependence’ change their policies but do so within the boundaries set in the original healthcare policies. On the other hand, healthcare policies that follow the ‘convergence’ pathway or functionalist perspective tend to integrate best practices and are more responsive to social, political and economic changes. Healthcare policies in France and the US tend to follow the ‘convergence’ pathway. The historical context of France reveals that a unitary presidential democracy was established in 1958 (Cases, 2006). In this system, the central government retains sovereignty and policies implemented in local or regional levels are approved by the central government. Despite the practice of central dirigisme, many regions in France have practiced coordination and decenstralisation. Political parties elected to the French government all have a common goal in financing the healthcare system in France. It practices cost-containment by regulating healthcare costs, reducing healthcare demands and restricting healthcare coverage (Chevreul and Durand-Zaleski, 2009). All these cost-containment policies have generally been met with public discontent. In recent years, the introduction of Supplementary Health Insurance enabled the French government to still deliver quality care at reasonable cost. Further, the introduction of direct payment, although reimbursable, also discourages wasteful consumption of healthcare (Chevreul and Durand-Zaleski, 2009). Although changes in healthcare policies tend to be restrictive more than three decades ago, France is now taking the ‘convergence’ pathway in its healthcare system. This suggests that healthcare policies are more responsive to social and economic changes. France also regards its people as equal but retain their freedom to choose a healthcare provider and hospital. The manner of healthcare financing in France allows service users to choose from competing healthcare professionals. Service users could also access specialists due to little gatekeeping in the country (Naiditch and Dourgnon, 2009). All these changes in the France’s healthcare system reflect ‘convergence’ rather than ‘path dependence’. Convergence in healthcare is also shown in both countries through its policies on increasing personal contributions of service users for healthcare (Mossialos and Thomson, 2004). There is also an increasing reliance on private health insurers to bridge the gap in public healthcare delivery. The increasing public-private mix exemplifies convergence. There is also a trend towards community healthcare and decentralisation of healthcare (Baldock, 2011; Chevreul et al., 2010; Blank and Burau, 2007). This trend relies on community healthcare practitioners to provide care in home or community settings. This has been practiced in other developed countries where patients with chronic conditions receive care in their own homes (Chevreau et al., 2010). This approach is also applied when caring for the elderly. Similar to other Welfare states, the US and France are experiencing population ageing. The proportion of the elderly in both countries is expected to rise in the succeeding years (Chevrea u et al., 2010). As mentioned earlier, this translates to increases in health expenditures and cost for this group. Marked increases in health expenditures for this group would mean further reduction on public spending or cost containment. All these could have an impact on public spending in the future and might increase insurance premiums of individuals. There is also the possibility of raising SHI contributions in France or reducing healthcare coverage of Medicaid in the US. Both strategies could fuel public discontent, increase the gap between the rich and the poor and promote health inequalities (OECD, 2008; Starke et al., 2008; Stanton, 2006). Since the main aim of the policies in both countries is to achieve optimal health for all, the realisation of this aim might be compromised with an ageing society. It is also noteworthy that since public funds are bankrolled by taxes, increasing number of elderly could mean reduction in number of employees who are economically productive. This could also lead to lower tax collections and decreased public funding for healthcare. As shown in both countries, healthcare policies are becoming more responsive to the social and economic changes. This does not only suggest a direction towards ‘convergence’ but suggests that this pathway could be the norm for many OECD countries. Conclusion Healthcare policies in the US and France have been influenced by social and economic changes in recent years. Although both aim to achieve universal coverage, it is only France that has achieved this with almost 100% of its citizens covered with healthcare insurance. The US is struggling to meet the healthcare needs of its citizens with almost 46 million still uninsured. Its Obamacare is still met with criticism for its failure to provide public healthcare coverage for most of its citizens. Only the poor and those unable to afford basic healthcare services are covered under Medicaid. In Obamacare, those with marginal incomes could purchase federal-subsidised healthcare insurances. Both countries are also faced with the challenge of an ageing society. The inequitable allocation of healthcare services to this group also promotes social discontent. Almost half of public expenditure is channeled to the elderly, which only comprises 13% of the whole population. The heightened demand for e lderly care, lowered public expenditure on healthcare and increasing healthcare costs have all influenced healthcare policies in the US and France. Finally, the recent changes in the healthcare policies of this country suggest convergence rather than path dependence suggesting that healthcare policies continue to be influenced by social and economic changes in both countries. It is recommended that future research should be done on how ‘convergence’ helps both countries respond to increasing complexities of healthcare in both countries. References: Baldock, J. (2011). Social policy, social welfare and the welfare state. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Blank, R. Burau, V. (2007). Comparative health policy. London: Palgrave. Cases, C. (2006). ‘French health system reform: recent implementation and future challenge’. Eurohealth, 12, pp. 10-11. Cases, C. Le Fur, P. (2008). ‘The pharmaceutical file’, Health Policy Monitort, May [Online]. Available from: http://www.hpm.org/survey/fr/all/2 (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). NCHS Data Brief: Community Health Centers: Providers, Patients and Content of Care [Online]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db65.htm (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). Chevreul, K., Durand-Zaleski, I., Bahrami, S., Hernandez-Quevedo Mladovsky, P. (2010). France: Health System Review 2010. France: The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, WHO Regional Office for Europe, World Bank, European Commission, UNCAM, London School of Economics and Politic Science, and the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine. Chevreul, K. Durand-Zaleski, I. (2009). ‘The role of HTA in coverage and pricing in France: toward a new paradigm?’. Euro Observer, 11, pp. 5-6. De Looper, M. La Fortune, G. (2009). Measuring disparities in health status and in access and use of healthcare in OECD countries. Paris: OECD (Health working paper 43) [Online]. Available from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issuesmigration-health/measuring-disparities-in-health-status-and-in-access-and-use-of-healthcare-in-oecd-countries_225748084267 (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). Docteur, E. Oxley, H. (2003). Health-care systems: lessons from the reform experience. Paris: OECD (Health working paper 9) [Online]. Available from: http://www.irdes.fr/Publications/Qes/Qez133.pdf (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). Evans, R. Stoddard, G. (2003). ‘Consuming research, producing policy?’, American Journal of Public Health, 93, pp. 371-379. Franc, C. Polton, D. (2006). ‘New governance arrangements for French health insurance’. Eurohealth, 12, pp. 27-29. Glyn, A. (2006). Capitalism unleashed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greve, B. (2013). Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State. London: Routledge. Halpin, H., Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. Martin-Moreno, J. (2010). ‘Chronic disease prevention and the new public health’. Public Health Review, 32, pp. 120-154. Moody, K. (2011). Capitalist care: Will the coalition government’s ‘reforms’ move the NHS further toward a US-style healthcare market?’. Capital and Class, 35(3), pp. 415-434. Mossialos, E. Thomson, S. (2004). Voluntary health insurance in the European Union. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies [Online]. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/98448/E84885.pdf (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). Naiditch, M. Dourgnon, P. (2009). The preferred doctor scheme: a political reading of a French experiment of gate-keeping. Paris: IRDES. OECD (2013). Health at a glance 2013: OECD Indicators, Europe: OECD Publishing [Online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2013-3n (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). OECD (2011). Human Development Index and its components. Europe: OECD. OECD (2009a). Society at a Glance 2009: OECD Social Indicators. Europe: OECD. OECD (2009b). Health data 2009. Paris: OECD. OECD (2008). Are we growing unequal[Online]. Available at: www.oecd.org (Accessed: 17th April, 2014). Rosenbaum, S. (2011). ‘The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice’. Public Health Reports, 128(1), pp. 130-135. Stanton, M. (2006). The high concentration of U.S. healthcare expenditures: research in action, issues 19. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Starke, P., Obginer, H. Castles, F. (2008). ‘Convergence towards where: in what ways, if any, are welfare states becoming more similar?’. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(7), pp. 975-1000. World Health Organization (WHO) (2014). Health Systems: Equity [Online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/equity/en/ (Accessed: 27th April, 2014). How to cite Comparison of Healthcare Policies between France and the US, Essay examples

The Role Of Professional Development For Educators Essay Example For Students

The Role Of Professional Development For Educators Essay Professional development for educators is an important step in learning new ways to educate, implement new practices and administering the best possible outcomes for children s wellbeing. Depending on the child’s circumstances it is also important to search for other means of opinion. In this case accommodating the child’s family and the community in which he or she lives in and advancing towards promoting worthwhile relationships. Relationship building encourages parents in working collaboratively with professionals to create environments of support and enthusiasm around the best interests of the child. As stated in the National Quality Standards (2013), â€Å"the expertise of families is recognised and they share in decision making about their child’s learning and wellbeing† (p. 152). Questions that might help with finding appropriate support for children s learning are for example, what are the best interests of the child when at home? What are the things he/she is good at? When you are out, what do they enjoy the most? Asking questions like this provides insight into the Microsystem and Mesosystem the most influential parts of a child s life. Getting to know the child s likes and dislikes are important in finding ways to implement supportive surroundings. Finding the dominant components of a child s life provides foundation for using the Strengths-based Approach and finding principles of the child’s strengths and abilities, seeing a holistic view of the child, building on the child s abilities in reach of their zone of proximal development. When educators interact with children they become aware of their skills, which establishes â€Å"sustained shared thinking† (DEECD, 2012, p. 10), being able to work together and prompt the . . thinking and strategising to implement transformative ways of coping with challenges. It is technique based upon vision, pedagogy and philosophy. Whereas Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model contains the roles, patterns, rules and beliefs that affect the development of an individual. It’s sole purpose of identifying who we are as a person, the actions we take and our influences that has an impact on an individual’s future. There are some deficits in using the approach model as it can only apply for working towards already learnt abilities and a way to avoid the truth. By all means it is a great approach but there needs to be a commitment from a community of learners who work together to â€Å"become more resourceful in dealing with crises, weathering persistent stresses, and meeting future challenges as opposed to developing dependence on the system† (Hammond, 2010p. 4).